Thuật ngữ suy giảm miễn dịch theo tiếng Anh gồm Immunodeficiency, hoặc Immune deficiency. Theo phân loại bệnh tật quốc tế là ICD-10 (D84.9), ICD-9M (279.3), DiseasesDB (21506) vàMeSHD (007153). Trong đó, suy giảm miễn dịch (SGMD) là tình trạng khả năng hệ miễn dịch chống lại các bệnh nhiễm trùng và ung thư bị suy giảm hay mất hoàn toàn. SGMD gồm có hai loại: SGMD thứ phát: do yếu tố nội-ngoại sinh ảnh hưởng lên hệ thống miễn dịch, gồm nhiễm trùng HIV, tuổi cao, môi trường, dinh dưỡng, thuốc ức chế miễn dịch, ghép tạng, bệnh tự miễn, tiểu đường, lao, hội chứng chuyển hóa nặng;SGMD tiên phát: trẻ sinh ra đã khiếm khuyết miễn dịch;

Một người SGMD bất kỳ loại nào dễ dẫn đến nhiễm trùng cơ hội (opportunistic infection) trên nền các nhiễm trùng bình thường. SGMD thể dịch gồm có rối loạn chức năng tế bào B với các triệu chứng lệ thuộc nguyên nhân. Nếu giảm gammaglobuline máu (Ab), kèm nhiễm trùng hô hấp tái lại, hay mất gammaglobulin (thiếu sinh Ab) à nhiễm trùng nặng và cuối cùng là tử vong. SGMD tế bào T dẫn đến rối loạn thứ phát như SGMD mắc phải AIDS. Nếu giảm hoặc mất bạch cầu hạt (đặc biệt là bạch cầu đa nhân trung tính), giảm cả số lượng và chức năng. Một số khác là suy giảm chức năng tạng lách, suy giảm các thành phần trong hệ thống bổ thể và SGMD thường tác động lên nhiều thành phần bổ thể.

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