Chúng ta hiện đang sông trong bối cảnh giao thoa giữa con người-mầm bệnh-động vật và môi trường xung quanh, do vậy có thể một ai đó không biết nếu mầm bệnh có thể tấn công bất cữ lúc nào và gây nên bệnh Melioidosis. Trung tâm CDC và các cơ quan đại diện liên bang khác đang quan tâm đến các cuộc tấn công sinh học (biological attacks), bao gồm cả sử dụng mầm bệnh gây nên Melioidosis. Tại sao mầm bệnh gây Melioidosis có thể coi như một vũ khí sinh học? Nếu một người hay một nhóm người muốn sử dụng các mầm bệnh như một vũ khí, họ có thể dùng các mầm bệnh mà có thể gây nên bệnh Melioidosisvì chúng có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy trong tự nhiên ở một số vùng trên thé giới, hơn nữa chúng dễ dàng gây bệnh nhiễm trùng nghiêm trọng, nếu không can thiệp điều trị kháng sinh sớm, bệnh nhân có thể tử vong.

Bệnh Melioidosis có thể là một bệnh rất nghiêm trọng, tác nhân gây bệnh có thể kháng tự nhiên với nhiều loại kháng sinh nên sẽ gây khó cho vấn đề lựa chọn điều trị cho bệnh nhân. Do vậy cỉ có một kháng sính có hiệu quả. Nếu không điều trị có thể 90% dẫn đế n tử vong, ngược lại nếu điều trị kháng sinh thích hợp chỉ có 40% tử vong. Điều trị cần có sự chăm sóc tích cực để giảmtử vong đến mức thấp nhất và nếu có thể cứu lấy 90% số ca. Cần lưu ý, một số trường hợp có bệnh lý nền như đái tháo đường, bệnh phổi mạn tính, nghiện rượu, bệnh thận mạn và các bệnh lý liên quan hệ thống miễn dịch có thể dẫn đến bệnh nặng nền hơn rất nhiều.

Các bệnh nhân mắc Melioidosis cần phải nhập viện điều trị, khi đã hồi phục thì mới trở về nhà, sau khi về nhà có thể còn phải dùng đến kháng sinh trong nhiều tháng nữa. Điều tị kéo dài với mục đích làm cho kháng sinh giết chết các mầm bệnh trong cơ thể người và ngăn ngừa bệnh tái phát. Đôi khi trong thực hành lâm sàng, bệnh có thể rất khó chẩn đoán và dễ bỏ sót. Các triệu chưng của bệnh thường giống với một số bệnh nhiễm trùng thông thường như viêm phổi mắc phải bệnh viện, cúm,hay lao. Chỉ có một vài người được chẩn đoán nhiễm Melioidosis mỗi năm tại Mỹ, đối tượng đó mắc bệnh thường phơi nhiễm mầm bệnh do quá trình họ đi du lịchđến một quốc gia nào đó mắc từ nguồn tự nhiên. Vì có một vài người ơt Mỹ mắc bệnh mà hầu hết các bác sỹ không nghĩ cũng như không làm quen với bệnh nên có thể làm chậm tiến độ chẩn đoán và điều trị.

Tấn công sinh học tiết ra các mầm bệnh trong đó có bệnh Melioidosis có mặt trong khôngkhí, nước và thực phẩm nên sẽ có nguy cơ nhiều đối tượng nhiễm bệnh. Chẳng hạn, nếu các mầm bệnh đào thải vào trong không khí, đặc biệt những nơi đông đúc và nhiều người có thể hít phải mầm bệnh. Nếu mầm bệnh trong thức ăn, con người ăn phải các thực phẩm nhiễm cũng có thể nhiễm bệnh. Bất cứ một người nào phơi nhiễm với mầm bệnh thì đều nguy hiểm và dễ nhiễm bệnh.

Bạn có thể không nhìn thấy, không biết mùi hay vị của mầm bệnh, vì thế đối tượng không biết dể tránh xa. Tấn công của mầm bệnh không được lưu ý mãi cho đến khi các bác sỹ gặp bệnh nhân có sốt và biểu hiện các triệu chứng hô hấp. Một khi các bác sỹ chẩn đoán bệnh nhân mắc melioidosis, họ sẽ làm việc với các cơ quan chức năng y tế để xem xét làm thế nào bệnh nhân mắc mầm bệnh này. Melioidosis là bệnh lý nhiễm trùng xảy ra tự nhiễn ở một số nơi một cách tự nhiên trên toàn cầu như Đông Nam Á và phía bắc Úc. Chỉ những nơi có mầm bệnh Burkholderia pseudomallei xảy ra trong tự nhiên ở Mỹ là Puerto Rico. Thường người Mỹ (ngoài Puerto Rico) mắc bệnh đã cso tiến sử du lịch và phơi nhiễm mầm bệnh ở các vùng trong tự nhiên. Một trong những lý do mà các cơ quan chức năng quan tâm đến bệnh này vì chung có trong tự nhiên dễ phơi nhiễm và gây bệnh Melioidosis có thể sử dụng như tấn công sinh học. Các tấn công sinh học do ly giải mầm bệnh có thể gây bệnh hoặc dẫn đến tử vong cho con người, gia súc và vụ mùa.

Nhằm giúp cho các đồng nghiệp và bạn đọc quan tâm căn bệnh nhiễm trùng nguy hiểm này, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ các công trình nghiên cứu trong thời gian gần đây:

1.Currie, B. 2001. Environmental change, global warming and infectious diseases in northern Australia. Environ. Health 1:35-44.

2.Currie, B. 1993. Melioidosis in Papua New Guinea: is it less common than in tropical Australia? Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87:417. [PubMed]

3.Currie, B. 1995. Pseudomonas pseudomallei-insulin interaction. Infect. Immun. 63:3745. (Letter.) [PMC free article] [PubMed]

4.Currie, B., D. Howard, V. T. Nguyen, K. Withnall, and A. Merianos. 1993. The 1990-1991 outbreak of melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia: clinical aspects. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 24:436-443. [PubMed]

5.Currie, B., H. Smith Vaughan, C. Golledge, N. Buller, K. S. Sriprakash, and D. J. Kemp. 1994. Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolates collected over 25 years from a non-tropical endemic focus show clonality o­n the basis of ribotyping. Epidemiol. Infect. 113:307-312. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

6.Currie, B. J. 2003. Melioidosis: an important cause of pneumonia in residents of and travellers returned from endemic regions. Eur. Respir. J. 22:542-550. [PubMed]

7.Currie, B. J., D. A. Fisher, N. M. Anstey, and S. P. Jacups. 2000. Melioidosis: acute and chronic disease, relapse and re-activation. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94:301-304. [PubMed]

8.Currie, B. J., D. A. Fisher, D. M. Howard, and J. N. Burrow. 2000. Neurological melioidosis. Acta Trop. 74:145-151. [PubMed]

9.Currie, B. J., D. A. Fisher, D. M. Howard, J. N. Burrow, D. Lo, S. Selva-Nayagam, N. M. Anstey, S. E. Huffam, P. L. Snelling, P. J. Marks, D. P. Stephens, G. D. Lum, S. P. Jacups, and V. L. Krause. 2000. Endemic melioidosis in tropical northern Australia: a 10-year prospective study and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:981-986. [PubMed]

10.Currie, B. J., D. A. Fisher, D. M. Howard, J. N. Burrow, S. Selvanayagam, P. L. Snelling, N. M. Anstey, and M. J. Mayo. 2000. The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Acta Trop. 74:121-127. [PubMed]

11.Currie, B. J., and S. P. Jacups. 2003. Intensity of rainfall and severity of melioidosis, Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:1538-1542. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

12.Currie, B. J., S. P. Jacups, A. C. Cheng, D. A. Fisher, N. M. Anstey, S. E. Huffam, and V. L. Krause. 2004. Melioidosis epidemiology and risk factors from a prospective whole-population study in northern Australia. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9:1167-1174. [PubMed]

13.Currie, B. J., M. Mayo, N. M. Anstey, P. Donohoe, A. Haase, and D. J. Kemp. 2001. A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65:177-179. PubMed]

14.Cuzzubbo, A. J., V. Chenthamarakshan, J. Vadivelu, S. D. Puthucheary, D. Rowland, and P. L. Devine. 2000. Evaluation of a new commercially available immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of melioidosis infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1670-1671. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

15.Dai, J. H., Y. S. Lee, and H. C. Wong. 1992. Effects of iron limitation o­n production of a siderophore, outer membrane proteins, and hemolysin and o­n hydrophobicity, cell adherence, and lethality for mice of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect. Immun. 60:2952-2956. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

16.Dance, D. A. 2000. Melioidosis as an emerging global problem. Acta Trop. 74:115-119. [PubMed]

17.Dance, D. A., T. M. Davis, Y. Wattanagoon, W. Chaowagul, P. Saiphan, S. Looareesuwan, V. Wuthiekanun, and N. J. White. 1989. Acute suppurative parotitis caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei in children. J. Infect. Dis. 159:654-660. [PubMed]

18.Dance, D. A., C. King, H. Aucken, C. D. Knott, P. G. West, and T. L. Pitt. 1992. An outbreak of melioidosis in imported primates in Britain. Vet. Rec. 130:525-529. [PubMed]

19.Dance, D. A., D. Sanders, T. L. Pitt, and D. C. Speller. 1995. Burkholderia pseudomallei and Indian plague-like illness. Lancet 346:904-905. [PubMed]

20.Dance, D. A., M. D. Smith, H. M. Aucken, and T. L. Pitt. 1999. Imported melioidosis in England and Wales. Lancet 353:208. [PubMed]

21.Dance, D. A., M. D. Smith, V. Wuthiekanun, M. Walsh, and N. J. White. 1992. Melioidosis and laboratory safety. J. Hosp. Infect. 22:333-334. [PubMed]

22.Dance, D. A., N. J. White, Y. Suputtamongkol, Y. Wattanagoon, V. Wuthiekanun, and W. Chaowagul. 1990. The use of bone marrow culture for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84:585-587. [PubMed]

23.Dance, D. A., V. Wuthiekanun, W. Chaowagul, and N. J. White. 1989. The activity of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against Pseudomonas pseudomallei. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 24:1012-1014. [PubMed]

24.Dance, D. A., V. Wuthiekanun, W. Chaowagul, and N. J. White. 1989. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Emergence of resistance in vitro and during treatment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 24:295-309. [PubMed]

25.Dance, D. A., V. Wuthiekanun, W. Chaowagul, and N. J. White. 1989. Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 24:311-316. [PubMed]

26.Dance, D. A., V. Wuthiekanun, P. Naigowit, and N. J. White. 1989. Identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in clinical practice: use of simple screening tests and API 20NE. J. Clin. Pathol. 42:645-648. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

27.Dance, D. A. B. 1990. Melioidosis. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 1:143-150.

28.Dance, D. A. B. 1991. Melioidosis: the tip of the iceberg? Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:52-60. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

29.Daschner, F. D., H. Grundmann, K. Anding, and S. Lemmen. 1995. Combined effect of human neutrophils, ceftazidime and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor o­n killing of Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14:536-539. [PubMed]

30.Buse, P. J., A. Henderson, and M. White. 1975. Melioidosis in a child in Papua New Guinea successful treatment with kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Med. J. Aust. 2:476-478. [PubMed]

31.Dejsirilert, S., E. Kondo, D. Chiewslip, and K. Kanai. 1991. Growth and survival of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in acidic environments. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 44:63-74. [PubMed]

32.de Lalla, F., G. Pellizzer, M. Strazzabosco, Z. Martini, G. Du Jardin, L. Lora, P. Fabris, P. Benedetti, and G. Erle. 2001. Randomized prospective controlled trial of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as adjunctive therapy for limb-threatening diabetic foot infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:1094-1098. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

33.Dellinger, R. P., J. M. Carlet, H. Masur, H. Gerlach, T. Calandra, J. Cohen, J. Gea-Banacloche, D. Keh, J. C. Marshall, M. M. Parker, G. Ramsay, J. L. Zimmerman, J. L. Vincent, and M. M. Levy. 2004. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 30:536-555. [PubMed]

34.Desakorn, V., M. D. Smith, V. Wuthiekanun, D. A. Dance, H. Aucken, P. Suntharasamai, A. Rajchanuwong, and N. J. White. 1994. Detection of Pseudomonas pseudomallei antigen in urine for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51:627-633. [PubMed]

35.DeShazer, D., P. J. Brett, M. N. Burtnick, and D. E. Woods. 1999. Molecular characterization of genetic loci required for secretion of exoproducts in Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Bacteriol. 181:4661-4664. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

36.DeShazer, D., P. J. Brett, R. Carlyon, and D. E. Woods. 1997. Mutagenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei with Tn5-OT182: isolation of motility mutants and molecular characterization of the flagellin structural gene. J. Bacteriol. 179:2116-2125. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

37.DeShazer, D., P. J. Brett, and D. E. Woods. 1998. The type II O-antigenic polysaccharide moiety of Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide is required for serum resistance and virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 30:1081-1100. [PubMed]

38.Desmarchelier, P. M., D. A. Dance, W. Chaowagul, Y. Suputtamongkol, N. J. White, and T. L. Pitt. 1993. Relationships among Pseudomonas pseudomallei isolates from patients with recurrent melioidosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1592-1596. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

39.Dharakul, T., and S. Songsivilai. 1999. The many facets of melioidosis. Trends Microbiol. 7:138-140. [PubMed]

40.Dharakul, T., S. Songsivilai, N. Anuntagool, W. Chaowagul, S. Wongbunnate, P. Intachote, and S. Sirisinha. 1997. Diagnostic value of an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using affinity-purified antigen in an area endemic for melioidosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:418-423. [PubMed]

41.Dharakul, T., S. Songsivilai, S. Smithikarn, C. Thepthai, and A. Leelaporn. 1999. Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood cultures by latex agglutination using lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:658-662. [PubMed]

42.Dharakul, T., S. Songsivilai, S. Viriyachitra, V. Luangwedchakarn, B. Tassaneetritap, and W. Chaowagul. 1996. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei DNA in patients with septicemic melioidosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:609-614. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

43.Dharakul, T., S. Vejbaesya, W. Chaowagul, P. Luangtrakool, H. A. Stephens, and S. Songsivilai. 1998. HLA-DR. and -DQ associations with melioidosis. Hum. Immunol. 59:580-586. [PubMed]

44.Dorman, S. E., V. J. Gill, J. I. Gallin, and S. M. Holland. 1998. Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in a Puerto Rican patient with chronic granulomatous disease: case report and review of occurrences in the Americas. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:889-894. [PubMed]

45.Douglas, M. W., G. Lum, J. Roy, D. A. Fisher, N. M. Anstey, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Epidemiology of community-acquired and nosocomial bloodstream infections in tropical Australia: a 12-month prospective study. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9:795-804. [PubMed]

46.Egan, A. 1996. Interaction of Burkholderia pseudomallei with opsonins and professional phagocytes. Ph.D. thesis. Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.

47.Egan, A. M., and D. L. Gordon. 1996. Burkholderia pseudomallei activates complement and is ingested but not killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 64:4952-4959. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

48.Eickhoff, T. C., J. V. Bennett, P. S. Hayes, and J. Feeley. 1970. Pseudomonas pseudomallei: susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. J. Infect. Dis. 121:95-102. [PubMed]

49.Faa, A. G., and P. J. Holt. 2002. Melioidosis in the Torres Strait Islands of Far North Queensland. Commun. Dis. Intell. 26:279-283. [PubMed]

50.Farkas Himsley, H. 1968. Selection and rapid identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from other gram-negative bacteria. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 49:850-856. [PubMed]

51.Ferry, R., B. Poutrel, and F. Bruneau. 1973. Isolation of Whitmore's bacillus from lesions found in pigs from the Niamey slaughterhouse in Niger. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 66:42-45. [PubMed]

52.Finkelstein, R. A., P. Atthasampunna, and M. Chulasamaya. 2000. Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) pseudomallei in Thailand, 1964-1967: geographic distribution of the organism, attempts to identify cases of active infection, and presence of antibody in representative sera. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62:232-239. [PubMed]

53.Fisher, M. W., A. B. Hillegas, and P. L. Nazeeri. 1971. Susceptibility in vitro and in vivo of Pseudomonas pseudomallei to rifampin and tetracyclines. Appl. Microbiol. 22:13-16. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

54.Forbes Faulkner, J. C., W. L. Townsend, and A. D. Thomas. 1992. Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection in camels. Aust. Vet. J. 69:148. [PubMed]

55.Fournier, J. 1965. Melioidosis and the Whitmore bacillus. Epidemiological and taxonomic controversies. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 58:753-765. [PubMed]

56.Franklin, M. 1974. Inhibition of Pseudomonas pseudomallei by carbenicillin, in vitro. Can. J. Microbiol. 20:1189-1193. [PubMed]

57.Freeman, K., G. Lum, and J. De Boer. 2000. Presented at the Australian Society of Microbiology, Cairns.

58.Fung, W. K., S. C. Tam, K. M. Ho, P. Lam, and K. K. Lo. 2001. Porphyria cutanea tarda and melioidosis. Hong Kong Med. J. 7:197-200. [PubMed]

59.Gal, D., M. Mayo, H. Smith-Vaughan, P. Dasari, M. McKinnon, S. P. Jacups, A. I. Urquhart, M. Hassell, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Contamination of hand wash detergent linked to occupationally acquired melioidosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71:360-362. [PubMed]

60.Galan, J. E. 2001. Salmonella interactions with host cells: type III secretion at work. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17:53-86. [PubMed]

61.Galimand, M., and A. Dodin. 1982. Focus o­n melioidosis throughout the world. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 75:375-383. [PubMed]

62.Garry, M., and M. Koch. 1951. Chronic melioidosis: bacteriologic and clinical correlation in diagnosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 38:374-383. [PubMed]

63.Gee, J. E., C. T. Sacchi, M. B. Glass, B. K. De, R. S. Weyant, P. N. Levett, A. M. Whitney, A. R. Hoffmaster, and T. Popovic. 2003. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4647-4654. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

64.Geerlings, S. E., and A. I. Hoepelman. 1999. Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 26:259-265. [PubMed]

65.Gillis, M., T. V. Van, R. Bardin, M. Goor, P. Hebbar, A. Willems, P. Segers, K. Kersters, T. Heulin, and M. P. Fernandez. 1995. Polyphasic taxonomy in the genus Burkholderia leading to an emended description of the genus and proposition of Burkholderia vietnamensis sp. nov. for N2-fixing isolates from rice in Vietnam. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:274-289.

66.Gluckman, S. J., and R. R. MacGregor. 1978. Effect of acute alcohol intoxication o­n granulocyte mobilization and kinetics. Blood 52:551-559. [PubMed]

67.Godfrey, A. J., S. Wong, D. A. Dance, W. Chaowagul, and L. E. Bryan. 1991. Pseudomonas pseudomallei resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics due to alterations in the chromosomally encoded beta-lactamase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1635-1640. [PMC free article] PubMed]

68.Godoy, D., G. Randle, A. J. Simpson, D. M. Aanensen, T. L. Pitt, R. Kinoshita, and B. G. Spratt. 2003. Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:2068-2079. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

69.Golledge, C. L., W. S. Chin, A. E. Tribe, R. J. Condon, and L. R. Ashdown. 1992. A case of human melioidosis originating in south-west Western Australia. Med. J. Aust. 157:332-334. [PubMed]

70.Gorgen, I., T. Hartung, M. Leist, M. Niehorster, G. Tiegs, S. Uhlig, F. Weitzel, and A. Wendel. 1992. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment protects rodents against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity via suppression of systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Immunol. 149:918-924. [PubMed]

71.Goshorn, R. K. 1987. Recrudescent pulmonary melioidosis. A case report involving the so-called ‘Vietnamese time bomb.’ Indiana Med. 80:247-249. [PubMed]

72.Gotoh, N., N. J. White, W. Chaowagul, and D. E. Woods. 1994. Isolation and characterization of the outer-membrane proteins of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei. Microbiology 140:797-805. [PubMed]

73.Gough, A., M. Clapperton, N. Rolando, A. V. Foster, J. Philpott-Howard, and M. E. Edmonds. 1997. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection. Lancet 350:855-859. [PubMed]

74.Green, R. N., and P. G. Tuffnell. 1968. Laboratory acquired melioidosis. Am. J. Med. 44:599-605. [PubMed]

75.Grosskopf, S. 2000. An unusual cause of pneumonia. Aust. Fam. Physician 29:552-553. [PubMed]

76.Haase, A., M. Brennan, S. Barrett, Y. Wood, S. Huffam, D. O′Brien, and B. Currie. 1998. Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of melioidosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1039-1041. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

77.Haase, A., A. Melder, H. Smith Vaughan, D. Kemp, and B. Currie. 1995. RAPD analysis of isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from patients with recurrent melioidosis. Epidemiol. Infect. 115:115-121. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

78.Haase, A., H. Smith Vaughan, A. Melder, Y. Wood, A. Janmaat, J. Gilfedder, D. Kemp, and B. Currie. 1995. Subdivision of Burkholderia pseudomallei ribotypes into multiple types by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis provides new insights into epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1687-1690. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

79.Halder, D., N. Zainal, C. M. Wah, and J. A. Haq. 1998. Neonatal meningitis and septicaemia caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 18:161-164. [PubMed]

80.Hall, W. H., and R. E. Manion. 1973. Antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 4:193-195. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

81.Hallengren, B., and A. Forsgren. 1978. Effect of alcohol o­n chemotaxis, adherence and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Acta Med. Scand. 204:43-48. [PubMed]

82.Harley, V. S., D. A. Dance, B. S. Drasar, and G. Tovey. 1998. Effects of Burkholderia pseudomallei and other Burkholderia species o­n eukaryotic cells in tissue culture. Microbios 96:71-93. [PubMed]

83.Harley, V. S., D. A. Dance, G. Tovey, M. V. McCrossan, and B. S. Drasar. 1998. An ultrastructural study of the phagocytosis of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Microbios 94:35-45. [PubMed]

84.Hartung, T., W. D. Docke, F. Gantner, G. Krieger, A. Sauer, P. Stevens, H. D. Volk, and A. Wendel. 1995. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment o­n ex vivo blood cytokine response in human volunteers. Blood 85:2482-2489. [PubMed]

85.Hartung, T., W. D. Doecke, D. Bundschuh, M. A. Foote, F. Gantner, C. Hermann, A. Lenz, S. Milwee, B. Rich, B. Simon, H. D. Volk, S. von Aulock, and A. Wendel. 1999. Effect of filgrastim treatment o­n inflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte functions. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 66:415-424. [PubMed]

86.Haussler, S., M. Rohde, and I. Steinmetz. 1999. Highly resistant Burkholderia pseudomallei small colony variants isolated in vitro and in experimental melioidosis. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 188:91-97. [PubMed]

87.Healey, T., and S. Selva-Nayagam. 2001. Retrospective review of febrile neutropenia in the Royal Darwin Hospital, 1994-99. Intern. Med. J. 31:406-412. [PubMed]

88.Heinzelmann, M., M. A. Mercer-Jones, and J. C. Passmore. 1999. Neutrophils and renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 34:384-399. [PubMed]

89.Heng, B. H., K. T. Goh, E. H. Yap, H. Loh, and M. Yeo. 1998. Epidemiological surveillance of melioidosis in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 27:478-484. [PubMed]

90.Heyse, A. M., J. Dierick, H. Vanhouteghem, F. Ameye, D. Baert, P. Burvenich, and G. Wauters. 2003. A case of imported melioidosis presenting as prostatitis. Infection 31:60-62. [PubMed]

91.Hicks, C. L., R. Kinoshita, and P. W. Ladds. 2000. Pathology of melioidosis in captive marine mammals. Aust. Vet. J. 78:193-195. [PubMed]

92.Hirabayashi, Y., T. Kobayashi, A. Nishikawa, H. Okazaki, T. Aoki, J. Takaya, and Y. Kobayashi. 1988. Oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron 49:305-312. [PubMed]

93.Ho, M., T. Schollaardt, M. D. Smith, M. B. Perry, P. J. Brett, W. Chaowagul, and L. E. Bryan. 1997. Specificity and functional activity of anti-Burkholderia pseudomallei polysaccharide antibodies. Infect. Immun. 65:3648-3653. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

94.Hoc, T. S., C. T. Deng, and R. Khuzaiah. 1993. Melioidosis in a splenectomized boy with beta-thalassemia major. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 24:601-602. [PubMed]

95.Holden, M. T., R. W. Titball, S. J. Peacock, A. M. Cerdeno-Tarraga, T. Atkins, L. C. Crossman, T. Pitt, C. Churcher, K. Mungall, S. D. Bentley, M. Sebaihia, N. R. Thomson, N. Bason, I. R. Beacham, K. Brooks, K. A. Brown, N. F. Brown, G. L. Challis, I. Cherevach, T. Chillingworth, A. Cronin, B. Crossett, P. Davis, D. DeShazer, T. Feltwell, A. Fraser, Z. Hance, H. Hauser, S. Holroyd, K. Jagels, K. E. Keith, M. Maddison, S. Moule, C. Price, M. A. Quail, E. Rabbinowitsch, K. Rutherford, M. Sanders, M. Simmonds, S. Songsivilai, K. Stevens, S. Tumapa, M. Vesaratchavest, S. Whitehead, C. Yeats, B. G. Barrell, P. C. Oyston, and J. Parkhill. 2004. Genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:14240-14245. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

96.Holland, D. J., A. Wesley, D. Drinkovic, and B. J. Currie. 2002. Cystic fibrosis and Burkholderia pseudomallei: an emerging problem? Clin. Infect. Dis. 35:e138-e140. [PubMed]

97.Holmes, A., J. Govan, and R. Goldstein. 1998. Agricultural use of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia: a threat to human health? Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:221-227. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

98.Hoppe, I., B. Brenneke, M. Rohde, A. Kreft, S. Haussler, A. Reganzerowski, and I. Steinmetz. 1999. Characterization of a murine model of melioidosis: comparison of different strains of mice. Infect. Immun. 67:2891-2900. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

99.Hoque, S. N., M. Minassian, S. Clipstone, S. J. Lloyd-Owen, E. Sheridan, and M. P. Lessing. 1999. Melioidosis presenting as septic arthritis in Bengali men in east London. Rheumatology (Oxford). 38:1029-1031. [PubMed]

100.Howard, K., and T. J. Inglis. 2003. The effect of free chlorine o­n Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water. Water Res. 37:4425-4432. [PubMed]

101.Howard, K., and T. J. Inglis. 2003. Novel selective medium for isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:3312-3316. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

102.Howe, C., A. Sampath, and M. Spotnitz. 1971. The pseudomallei group: a review. J. Infect. Dis. 124:598-606. [PubMed]

103.Hsueh, P. R., L. J. Teng, L. N. Lee, C. J. Yu, P. C. Yang, S. W. Ho, and K. T. Luh. 2001. Melioidosis: an emerging infection in Taiwan? Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:428-433. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

104.Huffam, S., S. P. Jacups, P. Kittler, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Out of hospital treatment of patients with melioidosis using ceftazidime in 24 h elastomeric infusors, via peripherally inserted central catheters. Trop. Med. Int. Health 9:715-717. [PubMed]

105.Iida, T., K. Umezawa, K. Tanaka, Y. Koga, H. Nakazawa, and T. Satoh. 1997. Polymorphonuclear cells in chronic hemodialysis patients have intact phagocytotic and impaired bactericidal activities. Nephron 75:41-47. [PubMed]

106.Ileri, S. 1965. The indirect haemagglutination tests in the diagnosis of melioidosis in goats. Br. Vet. J. 121:164-170. [PubMed]

107.Iliukhin, V. I., N. N. Kislichkin, L. K. Merinova, L. A. Riapis, I. I. Denisov, S. M. Farber, and O. I. Kislichkina. 1999. The outlook for the development of live vaccines for the prevention of melioidosis. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol 1999:52-55. [PubMed]

108.Iliukhin, V. I., T. V. Senina, N. G. Plekhanova, V. A. Antonov, L. K. Merinova, and I. K. Seimova.2002. Burkholderia thailandensis: biological properties, identification and taxonomy. Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol. 2002:7-11. [PubMed]

109.Inglis, T. J., D. Chiang, G. S. Lee, and L. Chor-Kiang. 1998. Potential misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei by API 20NE. Pathology 30:62-64. [PubMed]

110.Inglis, T. J., S. C. Garrow, C. Adams, M. Henderson, M. Mayo, and B. J. Currie. 1999. Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia. Epidemiol. Infect. 123:437-443. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

111.Inglis, T. J., S. C. Garrow, M. Henderson, A. Clair, J. Sampson, L. O'Reilly, and B. Cameron. 2000. Burkholderia pseudomallei traced to water treatment plant in Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:56-59. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

112.Inglis, T. J., C. L. Golledge, A. Clair, and J. Harvey. 2001. Case report: recovery from persistent septicemic melioidosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65:76-82. [PubMed]

113.Inglis, T. J., B. Mee, and B. Chang. 2001. The environmental microbiology of melioidosis. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 12:13-20.

114.Inglis, T. J., L. O′Reilly, N. Foster, A. Clair, and J. Sampson. 2002. Comparison of rapid, automated ribotyping and DNA macrorestriction analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3198-3203. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

115.Inglis, T. J., P. Rigby, T. A. Robertson, N. S. Dutton, M. Henderson, and B. J. Chang. 2000. Interaction between Burkholderia pseudomallei and Acanthamoeba species results in coiling phagocytosis, endamebic bacterial survival, and escape. Infect. Immun. 68:1681-1686. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

116.Ip, M., L. G. Osterberg, P. Y. Chau, and T. A. Raffin. 1995. Pulmonary melioidosis. Chest 108:1420-1424. [PubMed]

117.Ismail, G., M. Noor Embi, O. Omar, J. C. Allen, and C. J. Smith. 1987. A competitive immunosorbent assay for detection of Pseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin. J. Med. Microbiol. 23:353-357. [PubMed]

118.Ismail, G., N. Razak, R. Mohamed, N. Embi, and O. Omar. 1988. Resistance of Pseudomonas pseudomallei to normal human serum bactericidal action. Microbiol. Immunol. 32:645-652. [PubMed]

119.Janmaat, A., J. Low Choy, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Melioidosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos). Aust. Vet. J. 82:622-623. [PubMed]

120.Jeddeloh, J. A., D. L. Fritz, D. M. Waag, J. M. Hartings, and G. P. Andrews. 2003. Biodefense-driven murine model of pneumonic melioidosis. Infect. Immun. 71:584-587. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

121.Jenney, A. W., G. Lum, D. A. Fisher, and B. J. Currie. 2001. Antibiotic susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei from tropical northern Australia and implications for therapy of melioidosis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 17:109-113. [PubMed]

122.Jesudason, M. V., A. Anbarasu, and T. J. John. 2003. Septicaemic melioidosis in a tertiary care hospital in south India. Indian J. Med. Res. 117:119-121. [PubMed]

123.John, G. T., I. Ahmed, C. K. Jacob, M. V. Jesudason, and M. K. Lalitha. 2003. Melioidosis in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 76:262. [PubMed]

124.John, T. J., M. V. Jesudason, M. K. Lalitha, A. Ganesh, V. Mohandas, T. Cherian, D. Mathai, and M. J. Chandy. 1996. Melioidosis in India: the tip of the iceberg? Indian J. Med. Res. 103:62-65. [PubMed]

125.Jones, A. L., T. J. Beveridge, and D. E. Woods. 1996. Intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect. Immun. 64:782-790. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

126.Jones, S. M., J. F. Ellis, P. Russell, K. F. Griffin, and P. C. Oyston. 2002. Passive protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in mice by monoclonal antibodies against capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide or proteins. J. Med. Microbiol. 51:1055-1062. [PubMed]

127.Joy, R., R. Scalettar, and D. Sodee. 1960. Optic and peripheral neuritis: probable effect of prolonged chloramphenicol therapy. JAMA 173:1731-1734. [PubMed]

128.Kanai, K., and E. Kondo. 1994. Recent advances in biomedical sciences of Burkholderia pseudomallei (basonym: Pseudomonas pseudomallei). Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 47:1-45. [PubMed]

129.Kanaphun, P., N. Thirawattanasuk, Y. Suputtamongkol, P. Naigowit, D. A. Dance, M. D. Smith, and N. J. White. 1993. Serology and carriage of Pseudomonas pseudomallei: a prospective study in 1000 hospitalized children in northeast Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 167:230-233. [PubMed]

130.Kang, G., D. P. Rajan, B. S. Ramakrishna, H. M. Aucken, and D. A. Dance. 1996. Melioidosis in India. Lancet 347:1565-1566. [PubMed]

131.Kenny, D. J., P. Russell, D. Rogers, S. M. Eley, and R. W. Titball. 1999. In vitro susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei in comparison to those of other pathogenic Burkholderia spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:2773-2775. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

132.Kespichayawattana, W., P. Intachote, P. Utaisincharoen, and S. Sirisinha. 2004. Virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei is more efficient than avirulent Burkholderia thailandensis in invasion of and adherence to cultured human epithelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 36:287-292. [PubMed]

133.Kespichayawattana, W., S. Rattanachetkul, T. Wanun, P. Utaisincharoen, and S. Sirisinha. 2000. Burkholderia pseudomallei induces cell fusion and actin-associated membrane protrusion: a possible mechanism for cell-to-cell spreading. Infect. Immun. 68:5377-5384. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

134.Ketheesan, N., J. L. Barnes, G. C. Ulett, H. J. VanGessel, R. E. Norton, R. G. Hirst, and J. T. LaBrooy. 2002. Demonstration of a cell-mediated immune response in melioidosis. J. Infect. Dis. 186:286-289. [PubMed]

135.Ketterer, P. J., B. Donald, and R. J. Rogers. 1975. Bovine melioidosis in South Eastern Queensland. Aust. Vet. J. 51:395-398. [PubMed]

136.Ketterer, P. J., W. R. Webster, J. Shield, R. J. Arthur, P. J. Blackall, and A. D. Thomas. 1986. Melioidosis in intensive piggeries in South-Eastern Queensland. Aust. Vet. J. 63:146-149. [PubMed]

137.Khupulsup, K., and B. Petchclai. 1986. Application of indirect hemagglutination test and indirect fluorescent antibody test for IgM antibody for diagnosis of melioidosis in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35:366-369. [PubMed]

138.Kibbler, C. C., C. M. Roberts, G. L. Ridgway, and S. G. Spiro. 1991. Melioidosis in a patient from Bangladesh. Postgrad. Med. J. 67:764-766. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

139.Kingston, C. W. 1971. Chronic or latent melioidosis. Med. J. Aust. 2:618-621. [PubMed]

140.Kishimoto, R. A., and W. C. Eveland. 1975. Induction of microbial variants of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages. Can. J. Microbiol. 21:2112-2115. [PubMed]

141.Kitagawa, S., A. Yuo, L. M. Souza, M. Saito, Y. Miura, and F. Takaku. 1987. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances superoxide release in human granulocytes stimulated by the chemotactic peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 144:1143-1146. [PubMed]

142.Klinman, D. M., D. Verthelyi, F. Takeshita, and K. J. Ishii. 1999. Immune recognition of foreign DNA: a cure for bioterrorism? Immunity 11:123-129. [PubMed]

143.Koay, A. S., M. Y. Rohani, and Y. M. Cheong. 1997. In-vitro susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei to cefoperazone-sulbactam combination. Med. J. Malaysia 52:158-160. [PubMed]

144.Kondo, E., V. Petkanchanapong, P. Naigowit, T. Kurata, and K. Kanai. 1991. Demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in antigenic glycoprotein fractions obtained from the culture filtrate of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 44:213-224. [PubMed]

145.Korbsrisate, S., N. Suwanasai, A. Leelaporn, T. Ezaki, Y. Kawamura, and S. Sarasombath. 1999. Cloning and characterization of a nonhemolytic phospholipase C gene from Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3742-3745. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

146.Kortepeter, M. G. Christopher, T. Cieslak, R. Culpepper, R. Darling, J. Pavlin, J. John Rowe, K. Kelly McKee, and E. Eitzen (ed.). 2001. Medical management of biological casualties handbook, p. 23-27. U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Md.

147.Kropec, A., S. W. Lemmen, H. J. Grundmann, I. Engels, and F. D. Daschner. 1995. Synergy of simultaneous administration of ofloxacin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in killing of Escherichia coli by human neutrophils. Infection 23:298-300. [PubMed]

148.Kumar, A., J. Short, and J. E. Parrillo. 1999. Genetic factors in septic shock. JAMA 282:579-581. [PubMed]

149.Kunakorn, M., and R. B. Markham. 1995. Clinically practical seminested PCR for Burkholderia pseudomallei quantitated by enzyme immunoassay with and without solution hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2131-2135. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

150.Kunakorn, M., K. Raksakait, C. Sethaudom, R. W. Sermswan, and T. Dharakul. 2000. Comparison of three PCR primer sets for diagnosis of septicemic melioidosis. Acta Trop. 74:247-251. [PubMed]

151.Ladds, P. W., A. D. Thomas, and B. Pott. 1981. Melioidosis with acute meningoencephalomyelitis in a horse. Aust. Vet. J. 57:36-38. [PubMed]

152.Ladds, P. W., A. D. Thomas, R. Speare, and A. S. Brown. 1990. Melioidosis in a koala. Aust. Vet. J. 67:304-305. [PubMed]

153.Larosa, S., S. Opal, B. Utterback, B. Yan, J. Helterbrand, A. Simpson, N. White, and C. Fisher. 2000. Presented at the 20th International Symposium o­n Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.

154.Lauw, F. N., A. J. Simpson, C. E. Hack, J. M. Prins, A. M. Wolbink, S. J. van Deventer, W. Chaowagul, N. J. White, and T. van Der Poll. 2000. Soluble granzymes are released during human endotoxemia and in patients with severe infection due to gram-negative bacteria. J. Infect. Dis. 182:206-213. [PubMed]

155.Lauw, F. N., A. J. Simpson, J. M. Prins, M. D. Smith, M. Kurimoto, S. J. van Deventer, P. Speelman, W. Chaowagul, N. J. White, and T. van der Poll. 1999. Elevated plasma concentrations of interferon (IFN)-gamma and the IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, and IL-15 in severe melioidosis. J. Infect. Dis. 180:1878-1885. [PubMed]

156.Lauw, F. N., A. J. Simpson, J. M. Prins, S. J. van Deventer, W. Chaowagul, N. J. White, and T. van der Poll. 2000. The CXC chemokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible protein 10 and monokine induced by IFN-γ are released during severe melioidosis. Infect. Immun. 68:3888-3893. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

157.Laws, L., and W. T. K. Hall. 1963. Melioidosis in animals in north Queensland. 1. Incidence and pathology, with special reference to central nervous system lesions. Qeensland J. Agric. Sci. 20:499-513.

158.Leakey, A. K., G. C. Ulett, and R. G. Hirst. 1998. BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice infected with virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei provide contrasting animal models for the acute and chronic forms of human melioidosis. Microb. Pathog. 24:269-275. [PubMed]

159.Lee, L., and S. Naraqi. 1980. Primary gram negative pneumonia in adults in Papua New Guinea. P.N.G. Med. J. 23:174-178. [PubMed]

160.Lee, M., and Y. Liu. 2000. Sequencing and characterization of a novel serine metalloprotease from Burkholderia pseudomallei. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 192:67-72. [PubMed]

161.Lee, N., J. L. Wu, C. H. Lee, and W. C. Tsai. 1985. Pseudomonas pseudomallei infection from drowning: the first reported case in Taiwan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:352-354. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

162.Lee, S. C., T. S. Ling, J. C. Chen, B. Y. Huang, and W. B. Sheih. 1999. Melioidosis with adrenal gland abscess. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:34-36. [PubMed]

163.Lee, S. S., Y. C. Liu, Y. S. Chen, S. R. Wann, J. H. Wang, M. Y. Yen, H. H. Lin, W. K. Huang, and D. L. Cheng. 1996. Melioidosis: two indigenous cases in Taiwan. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 95:562-566. [PubMed]

164.Leelarasamee, A. 1985. Diagnostic value of indirect hemagglutination method for melioidosis in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. Antimicrob. Agents 2:213-214.

165.Leelarasamee, A., and S. Bovornkitti. 1989. Melioidosis: review and update. Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:413-425. [PubMed]

166.Leelarasamee, A., S. Trakulsomboon, M. Kusum, and S. Dejsirilert. 1997. Isolation rates of Burkholderia pseudomallei among the four regions in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 28:107-113. [PubMed]

167.Leeuwenburgh, I., J. T. Driessen, P. H. van Keulen, P. J. Stijnen, and G. P. Verburg. 2002. Melioidosis. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 146:723-725. [PubMed]

168.Leitenberg, M. 2001. Presented at the 7th International Symposium o­n Protection against Chemical and Biological Warfare, Stockholm, Sweden.

169.Lertmemongkolchai, G., G. Cai, C. A. Hunter, and G. J. Bancroft. 2001. Bystander activation of CD8(+) T cells contributes to the rapid production of IFN-gamma in response to bacterial pathogens. J. Immunol. 166:1097-1105. [PubMed]

170.Lertpatanasuwan, N., K. Sermsri, A. Petkaseam, S. Trakulsomboon, V. Thamlikitkul, and Y. Suputtamongkol. 1999. Arabinose-positive Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in humans: case report. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28:927-928. [PubMed]

171.Lim, M. K., E. H. Tan, and C. S. Soh. 1997. Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in the Singapore armed forces from 1987 to 1994—an epidemiological review. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 26:13-17. [PubMed]

172.Lin, H. P., S. D. Puthucheary, and D. Sinniah. 1980. Acute septicemic melioidosis occurring in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 19:697-699. [PubMed]

173.Livermore, D. M., P. Y. Chau, A. I. Wong, and Y. K. Leung. 1987. β-Lactamase of Pseudomonas pseudomallei and its contribution to antibiotic resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 20:313-321. [PubMed]

174.Loprasert, S., R. Sallabhan, W. Whangsuk, and S. Mongkolsuk. 2000. Characterization and mutagenesis of fur gene from Burkholderia pseudomallei. Gene 254:129-137. [PubMed]

175.Lorenz, W., K. P. Reimund, F. Weitzel, I. Celik, M. Kurnatowski, C. Schneider, W. Mannheim, A. Heiske, K. Neumann, H. Sitter, et al. 1994. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis before operation protects against lethal consequences of postoperative peritonitis. Surgery 116:925-934. [PubMed]

176.Low Choy, J., M. Mayo, A. Janmaat, and B. J. Currie. 2000. Animal melioidosis in Australia. Acta Trop. 74:153-158. [PubMed]

177.Lowe, P., C. Engler, and R. Norton. 2002. Comparison of automated and nonautomated systems for identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4625-4627. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

178.Lumbiganon, P., N. Chotechuangnirun, and P. Kosalaraksa. 2004. Clinical experience with treatment of melioidosis in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23:1165-1166. [PubMed]

179.Lumbiganon, P., K. Pengsaa, S. Puapermpoonsiri, and A. Puapairoj. 1988. Neonatal melioidosis: a report of 5 cases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:634-636. [PubMed]

180.Lumbiganon, P., U. Tattawasatra, P. Chetchotisakd, S. Wongratanacheewin, and B. Thinkhamrop. 2000. Comparison between the antimicrobial susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by standard disk diffusion method and by minimal inhibitory concentration determination. J. Med. Assoc Thai. 83:856-860. [PubMed]

181.Lumbiganon, P., and S. Viengnondha. 1995. Clinical manifestations of melioidosis in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14:136-140. [PubMed]

182.Luo, C. Y., W. C. Ko, H. C. Lee, and Y. J. Yang. 2003. Relapsing melioidosis as cause of iliac mycotic aneurysm: an indigenous case in Taiwan. J. Vasc. Surg. 37:882-885. [PubMed]

183.Mack, K., and R. W. Titball. 1998. The detection of insertion sequences within the human pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei which have been identified previously in Burkholderia cepacia. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162:69-74. [PubMed]

184.Mackowiak, P. A., and J. W. Smith. 1978. Septicemic melioidosis. Occurrence following acute influenza A six years after exposure in Vietnam. JAMA 240:764-766. [PubMed]

185.Maegraith, B. G., and C. S. Leithead. 1964. Melioidosis: a case report. Lancet 1:862-863. [PubMed]

186.Marhoffer, W., M. Stein, E. Maeser, and K. Federlin. 1992. Impairment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function and metabolic control of diabetes. Diabetes Care 15:256-260. [PubMed]

187.Marhoffer, W., M. Stein, L. Schleinkofer, and K. Federlin. 1993. Evidence of ex vivo and in vitro impaired neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic capacity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 19:183-188. [PubMed]

188.Markova, N., V. Kussovski, and T. Radoucheva. 1998. Killing of Pseudomonas pseudomallei by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and peritoneal macrophages from chicken, sheep, swine and rabbits. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 288:103-110. [PubMed]

189.Masoud, H., M. Ho, T. Schollaardt, and M. B. Perry. 1997. Characterization of the capsular polysaccharide of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei 304b. J. Bacteriol. 179:5663-5669. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

190.Mathai, E., M. V. Jesudason, and A. Anbarasu. 2003. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for the rapid diagnosis of melioidosis. Indian J. Med. Res. 118:68-70. [PubMed]

191.Mathew, S., B. Perakath, G. Mathew, V. Sitaram, A. Nair, M. K. Lalitha, and T. J. John. 1999. Surgical presentation of melioidosis in India. Natl. Med. J. India 12:59-61. [PubMed]

192.Mays, E. E., and E. A. Ricketts. 1975. Melioidosis: recrudescence associated with bronchogenic carcinoma twenty-six years following initial geographic exposure. Chest 68:261-263. [PubMed]

193.McCormick, J. B., D. J. Sexton, J. G. McMurray, E. Carey, P. Hayes, and R. A. Feldman. 1975. Human-to-human transmission of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Ann. Intern. Med. 83:512-513. [PubMed]

194.McCormick, J. B., R. E. Weaver, P. S. Hayes, J. M. Boyce, and R. A. Feldman. 1977. Wound infection by an indigenous Pseudomonas pseudomallei-like organism isolated from the soil: case report and epidemiologic study. J. Infect. Dis. 135:103-107. [PubMed]

195.McDowell, F., and P. Varney. 1947. Melioidosis: report of the first case from the Western Hemisphere. JAMA 134:361-362. [PubMed]

196.McEniry, D. W., S. H. Gillespie, and D. Felmingham. 1988. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas pseudomallei to new beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 21:171-175. [PubMed]

197.298. McKenna, P., S. Nelson, and J. Andresen. 1996. Filgrastim (rHuG-CSF) enhances ciprofloxacin uptake and bactericidal activity of human neutrophils in vitro (abstr. 535, American Thoracic Society meeting, May 1996). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:abstr. 535.

198.Merianos, A., M. Patel, J. M. Lane, C. N. Noonan, D. Sharrock, P. A. Mock, and B. urrie. 1993. The 1990-1991 outbreak of melioidosis in the Northern Territory of Australia: epidemiology and environmental studies. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 24:425-435. [PubMed]

199.Minassian, M. A., A. Gage, E. Price, and A. M. Sefton. 1999. Imipenem for the treatment of melioidosis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 12:263-265. [PubMed]

200.Miralles, I. S., C. Maciel Mdo, M. R. Angelo, M. M. Gondini, L. H. Frota, C. M. dos Reis, and E. Hofer.2004. Burkholderia pseudomallei: a case report of a human infection in Ceara, Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 46:51-54. [PubMed]

201.Mirich, G. S., H. M. Zimmerman, G. D. Maner, and A. A. Humphrey. 1946. Melioidosis o­n Guam. JAMA 130:1063-1067. [PubMed]

202.Moore, R. A., D. DeShazer, S. Reckseidler, A. Weissman, and D. E. Woods. 1999. Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:465-470. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

203.Moore, R. A., S. Reckseidler-Zenteno, H. Kim, W. Nierman, Y. Yu, A. Tuanyok, J. Warawa, D. DeShazer, and D. E. Woods. 2004. Contribution of gene loss to the pathogenic evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. Infect. Immun. 72:4172-4187. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

204.Mowat, A., and J. Baum. 1971. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 284:621-627. [PubMed]

205.Nachiangmai, N., P. Patamasucon, B. Tipayamonthein, A. Kongpon, and S. Nakaviroj. 1985. Pseudomonas pseudomallei in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 16:83-87. [PubMed]

206.Naigowit, P., T. Kurata, P. Wangroongsub, V. Petkanjanapong, E. Kondo, and K. Kanai. 1993. Application of indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to colony identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 11:149-154. [PubMed]

207.Naigowit, P., W. Petchkanchanapong, W. Mannebungyung, N. Vetchsprsit, and D. Chaeosil. 1989. Indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Bull. Fac. Med. Tech. Mahidol. U. 13:17-25.

208.Nelson, S., G. Bagby, J. Andresen, C. Nakamura, J. Shellito, and W. Summer. 1991. The effects of ethanol, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor o­n lung antibacterial defenses. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 288:245-253. [PubMed]

209.Nelson, S., S. M. Belknap, R. W. Carlson, D. Dale, B. DeBoisblanc, S. Farkas, N. Fotheringham, H. Ho, T. Marrie, H. Movahhed, R. Root, J. Wilson, et al. 1998. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim as an adjunct to antibiotics for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 178:1075-1080. [PubMed]

210.Nelson, S., A. M. Heyder, J. Stone, M. G. Bergeron, S. Daugherty, G. Peterson, N. Fotheringham, W. Welch, S. Milwee, and R. Root. 2000. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim for the treatment of hospitalized patients with multilobar pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 182:970-973. [PubMed]

211.Nelson, S., W. Summer, G. Bagby, C. Nakamura, L. Stewart, G. Lipscomb, and J. Andresen. 1991. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances pulmonary host defenses in normal and ethanol-treated rats. J. Infect. Dis. 164:901-906. [PubMed]

212.Nierman, W. C., D. DeShazer, H. S. Kim, H. Tettelin, K. E. Nelson, T. Feldblyum, R. L. Ulrich, C. M. Ronning, L. M. Brinkac, S. C. Daugherty, T. D. Davidsen, R. T. Deboy, G. Dimitrov, R. J. Dodson, A. S. Durkin, M. L. Gwinn, D. H. Haft, H. Khouri, J. F. Kolonay, R. Madupu, Y. Mohammoud, W. C. Nelson, D. Radune, C. M. Romero, S. Sarria, J. Selengut, C. Shamblin, S. A. Sullivan, O. White, Y. Yu, N. Zafar, L. Zhou, and C. M. Fraser. 2004. Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:14246-14251. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

213.Nigg, C., and M. Johnson. 1961. Complement fixation tests in experimental clinical and subclinical melioidosis. J. Bacteriol. 82:159-168. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

214.Nigg, C., J. Ruch, E. Scott, and K. Noble. 1956. Enhancement of virulence of Malleomyces pseudomallei. J. Bacteriol. 71:530-541. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

215.Niumsup, P., and V. Wuthiekanun. 2002. Cloning of the class D beta-lactamase gene from Burkholderia pseudomallei and studies o­n its expression in ceftazidime-susceptible and -resistant strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:445-455. [PubMed]

216.Norton, R., B. Roberts, M. Freeman, M. Wilson, C. Ashhurst-Smith, W. Lock, D. Brookes, and J. La Brooy. 1998. Characterisation and molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei: are disease presentations of melioidosis clonally related? FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 20:37-44. [PubMed]

217.Nuntayanuwat, S., T. Dharakul, W. Chaowagul, and S. Songsivilai. 1999. Polymorphism in the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene is associated with severe meliodosis. Hum. Immunol. 60:979-983. [PubMed]

218.O'Brien, M., K. Freeman, G. Lum, A. C. Cheng, S. P. Jacups, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Further evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for melioidosis in an area of endemicity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2239-2240. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

219.Olive, C., G. Loetitia, N. Desbois, B. Roche, J. Jouannelle, and A. Dodin. 1995. Septic pyemic form of human melioidosis: a first case in the French Antilles. Presse Med. 24:1270. [PubMed]

220.Omar, A. R. 1963. Pathology of melioidosis in pigs, goats and a horse. J. Comp. Pathol. 73:359-372. [PubMed]

221.O′Reilly, M., G. M. Silver, D. G. Greenhalgh, R. L. Gamelli, J. H. Davis, and J. C. Hebert. 1992. Treatment of intra-abdominal infection with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J. Trauma 33:679-682. [PubMed]

222.Osteraas, G. R., J. M. Hardman, J. W. Bass, and C. Wilson. 1971. Neonatal melioidosis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 122:446-448. [PubMed]

223.Parry, C. M., V. Wuthiekanun, N. T. Hoa, T. S. Diep, L. T. Thao, P. V. Loc, B. A. Wills, J. Wain, T. T. Hien, N. J. White, and J. J. Farrar. 1999. Melioidosis in Southern Vietnam: clinical surveillance and environmental sampling. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29:1323-1326. [PubMed]

224.Patel, M., A. Keshavarzian, V. Kottapalli, B. Badie, D. Winship, and J. Z. Fields. 1996. Human neutrophil functions are inhibited in vitro by clinically relevant ethanol concentrations. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 20:275-283. [PubMed]

225.Peetermans, W. E., E. Van Wijngaerden, J. Van Eldere, and J. Verhaegen. 1999. Melioidosis brain and lung abscess after travel to Sri Lanka. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28:921-922. [PubMed]

226.Perez, J. M., A. Petiot, C. Adjide, F. Gerry, R. Goursaud, and B. Juminer. 1997. First case report of melioidosis in Guadeloupe, a French West Indies archipelago. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:164-165. [PubMed]

227.Perry, M. B., L. L. MacLean, T. Schollaardt, L. E. Bryan, and M. Ho. 1995. Structural characterization of the lipopolysaccharide O antigens of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect. Immun. 63:3348-3352. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

228.Phetsouvanh, R., S. Phongmany, P. Newton, M. Mayxay, A. Ramsay, V. Wuthiekanun, and N. J. White. 2001. Melioidosis and Pandora's box in the Lao People′s Democratic Republic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:653-654. [PubMed]

229.Phung, L. V., Y. Han, S. Oka, H. Hotta, M. D. Smith, P. Theeparakun, E. Yabuuchi, and I. Yano. 1995. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a glycolipid antigen for the serodiagnosis of melioidosis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 12:259-264. [PubMed]

230.Piliouras, P., G. C. Ulett, C. Ashhurst-Smith, R. G. Hirst, J. Warner, and R. Norton. 2000. Presented at the Australian Society of Antimicrobials Annual Scientific Meeting, Sydney, Australia, 13-16 April 2000.

231.Pit, S., F. K. Chea, and F. Jamal. 1988. Melioidosis with brain abscess. Postgrad. Med. J. 64:140-142. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

232.Pitt, T. L., S. Trakulsomboon, and D. A. Dance. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Acta Trop. 74:181-185. [PubMed]

233.Pongrithsukda, V., N. Simakachorn, and J. Pimda. 1988. Childhood melioidosis in northeastern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 19:309-316. [PubMed]

234.Pongsunk, S., N. Thirawattanasuk, N. Piyasangthong, and P. Ekpo. 1999. Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood cultures by a monoclonal antibody assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3662-3667. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

235.Pons, R., and M. Advier. 1927. Melioidosis in Cochin China. J. Hyg. 26:28-30. [PMC freearticle] [PubMed]

236.Popoff, I., J. Nagamori, and B. Currie. 1997. Melioidotic osteomyelitis in northern Australia. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 67:692-695. [PubMed]

237.Porter, C. J., R. P. Burden, A. G. Morgan, I. Daniels, and J. Fletcher. 1997. Impaired bacterial killing and hydrogen peroxide production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils in end-stage renal failure. Nephron 77:479-481. [PubMed]

238.Pourtaghva, M., A. Dodin, M. Portovi, M. Teherani, and M. Galimand.1977. First case of human pulmonary melioidosis in Iran. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 70:107-109. [PubMed]

239.Powell, K., G. Ulett, R. Hirst, and R. Norton. 2003. G-CSF immunotherapy for treatment of acute disseminated murine melioidosis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 224:315-318. [PubMed]

240.Preston, P. J., N. Lightfoot, and P. Clarke. 1976. A retrospective serological suvey of Royal Marines previously exposed to Pseudomonas pseudomallei in South East Asia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70:335-337. [PubMed]

241.Pruksachartvuthi, S., N. Aswapokee, and K. Thankerngpol. 1990. Survival of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in human phagocytes. J. Med. Microbiol. 31:109-114. [PubMed]

242.Puig, P. 2001. Mapping disease. GIS User 45:25-27. [Online.] http://www.gisuser.com.au/GU/gu_frame.html.

243.Punyagupta, S. 1989. Melioidosis. Review of 686 cases and presentation of a new clinical classification, p. 217-229. In S. Punyagupta, T. Sirisanthana, and B. Stapatayavong (ed.), Melioidosis. Bangkok Medical Publisher, Bangkok, Thailand.

244.Puthucheary, S. D., H. P. Lin, and P. K. Yap. 1981. Acute septicaemic melioidosis: a report of seven cases. Trop. Geogr. Med. 33:19-22. [PubMed]

245.Puthucheary, S. D., N. Parasakthi, and M. K. Lee. 1992. Septicaemic melioidosis: a review of 50 cases from Malaysia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86:683-685. [PubMed]

246.Puthucheary, S. D., J. Vadivelu, Ce Cile, C., Kum Thong, W., and G. Ismail. 1996. Electron microscopic demonstration of extracellular structure of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54:313-314. [PubMed]

247.Raghavan, K. R., R. P. Shenoi, F. Zaer, R. Aiyer, P. Ramamoorthy, and M. N. Mehta. 1991. Melioidosis in India. Indian Pediatr. 28:184-188. [PubMed]

248.Rainbow, L., C. A. Hart, and C. Winstanley. 2002. Distribution of type III secretion gene clusters in Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. mallei. J. Med. Microbiol. 51:374-384. [PubMed]

249.Rajchanuvong, A., W. Chaowagul, Y. Suputtamongkol, M. D. Smith, D. A. B. Dance, and N. J. White. 1995. A prospective comparison of co-amoxiclav and the combination of chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and co-trimoxazole for the oral maintenance treatment of melioidosis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89:546-549. [PubMed]

250.Ralph, A., J. McBride, and B. J. Currie. 2004. Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei via breast milk in northern Australia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 23:1169-1171. [PubMed]

251.Rattanathongkom, A., R. W. Sermswan, and S. Wongratanacheewin. 1997. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood samples using polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell Probes 11:25-31. [PubMed]

252.Rayfield, E. J., M. J. Ault, G. T. Keusch, M. J. Brothers, C. Nechemias, and H. Smith. 1982. Infection and diabetes: the case for glucose control. Am. J. Med. 72:439-450. [PubMed]

253.Razak, N., and G. Ismail. 1982. Interaction of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with Pseudomonas pseudomallei. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 28:509-518.

254.Read, K. M., B. Currie, P. McDonald, and D. L. Gordon. 2001. Reactivity of latent melioidosis in association with staphylococcal endocarditis. Intern. Med. J. 31:130-131. [PubMed]

255.Reckseidler, S. L., D. DeShazer, P. A. Sokol, and D. E. Woods. 2001. Detection of bacterial virulence genes by subtractive hybridization: identification of capsular polysaccharide of Burkholderia pseudomallei as a major virulence determinant. Infect. Immun. 69:34-44. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

256.Reller, L. B. 1986. The serum bactericidal test. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:803-808. [PubMed]

257.Rimington, R. A. 1962. Melioidosis in Northern Queensland. Med. J. Aust. 1:50-53. [PubMed]

258.Rivers, E., B. Nguyen, S. Havstad, J. Ressler, A. Muzzin, B. Knoblich, E. Peterson, and M. Tomlanovich. 2001. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:1368-1377. [PubMed]

259.Roilides, E., T. J. Walsh, P. A. Pizzo, and M. Rubin. 1991. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of normal and defective human neutrophils. J. Infect. Dis. 163:579-583. [PubMed]

260.Root, R. K., R. F. Lodato, W. Patrick, J. F. Cade, N. Fotheringham, S. Milwee, J. L. Vincent, A. Torres, J. Rello, and S. Nelson. 2003. Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of filgrastim in patients hospitalized with pneumonia and severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 31:367-373. [PubMed]

261.Rowlands, J. B., and P. G. Curtis. 1965. A case of melioidosis in Papua and New Guinea. Med. J. Aust. 2:494-496. [PubMed]

262.Ruchin, P., J. Robinson, M. Segasothy, and F. Morey. 2000. Melioidosis in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis resident in Central Australia. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 30:395-396. [PubMed]

263.Russell, P., S. M. Eley, J. Ellis, M. Green, D. L. Bell, D. J. Kenny, and R. W. Titball. 2000. Comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental melioidosis and glanders. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:813-818. [PubMed]

264.Saipan, P. 1998. Neurological manifestations of melioidosis in children. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 29:856-859. [PubMed]

265.Salant, D. J., A. M. Glover, R. Anderson, A. M. Meyers, R. Rabkin, J. A. Myburgh, and A. R. Rabson. 1976. Depressed neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 88:536-545. [PubMed]

266.Samuel, M., and T. Y. Ti. 2001. Interventions for treating melioidosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2:CD001263. [PubMed]

267.Santanirand, P., V. S. Harley, D. A. Dance, B. S. Drasar, and G. J. Bancroft. 1999. Obligatory role of gamma interferon for host survival in a murine model of infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect. Immun. 67:3593-3600. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

268.Santanirand, P., V. S. Harley, D. A. Dance, J. G. Raynes, B. S. Drasar, and G. J. Bancroft. 1997. Interferon-gamma mediates host resistance in a murine model of melioidosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25:287S. [PubMed]

269.Schindler, N., K. D. Calligaro, M. J. Dougherty, J. Diehl, K. H. Modi, and M. N. Braffman. 2002. Melioidosis presenting as an infected intrathoracic subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm treated with femoral vein interposition graft. J. Vasc. Surg. 35:569-572. [PubMed]

270.Schlech, W. F., J. B. Turchik, R. E. J. Westlake, G. C. Klein, J. D. Band, and R. E. Weaver. 1981. Laboratory-acquired infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei (melioidosis). N. Engl. J. Med. 305:1133-1135. [PubMed]

271.Schulin, T., and I. Steinmetz. 2001. Chronic melioidosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1676-1677. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

272.Schwarzmaier, A., F. Riezinger-Geppert, G. Schober, R. Karnik, and A. Valentin. 2000. Fulminant septic melioidosis after a vacation in Thailand. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 112:892-895. [PubMed]

273.Scott, I. A., A. M. Bell, and D. R. Staines. 1997. Fatal human melioidosis in south-eastern Queensland. Med. J. Aust. 166:197-199. [PubMed]

274.Sermswan, R. W., S. Wongratanacheewin, N. Anuntagool, and S. Sirisinha. 2000. Comparison of the polymerase chain reaction and serologic tests for diagnosis of septicemic melioidosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63:146-149. [PubMed]

275.Sexton, M. M., A. L. Jones, W. Chaowagul, and D. E. Woods. 1994. Purification and characterization of a protease from Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:903-910. [PubMed]

276.Shoham, D. 1998. Chemical and biological weapons in Egypt. Non-Proliferation Rev. 5:48-58.

277.Silva, S. L., O. G. Macedo, C. A. Damasceno, M. A. de Carvalho, and E. O. Cisalpino.1991. Bacteriological evaluation of wounds in seriously burned hospitalized patients. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 24:163-168. [PubMed]

278.Simpson, A. J., D. A. Dance, V. Wuthiekanun, and N. J. White. 2000. Serum bactericidal and inhibitory titres in the management of melioidosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:123-127. [PubMed]

279.Simpson, A. J., P. A. Howe, V. Wuthiekanun, and N. J. White. 1999. A comparison of lysis centrifugation, pour plate, and conventional blood culture methods in the diagnosis of septicaemic melioidosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 52:616-619. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

280.Simpson, A. J., P. N. Newton, W. Chierakul, W. Chaowagul, and N. J. White. 2003. Diabetes mellitus, insulin, and melioidosis in Thailand. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36:E71-E72. [PubMed]

281.Simpson, A. J., M. D. Smith, G. J. Weverling, Y. Suputtamongkol, B. J. Angus, W. Chaowagul, N. J. White, S. J. van Deventer, and J. M. Prins. 2000. Prognostic value of cytokine concentrations (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10) and clinical parameters in severe melioidosis. J. Infect. Dis. 181:621-625. [PubMed]

282.Simpson, A. J., Y. Suputtamongkol, M. D. Smith, B. J. Angus, A. Rajanuwong, V. Wuthiekanun, P. A. Howe, A. L. Walsh, W. Chaowagul, and N. J. White. 1999. Comparison of imipenem and ceftazidime as therapy for severe melioidosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29:381-387. [PubMed]

283.Simpson, A. J. H., and W. Vanaporn. 2000. Interaction of insulin with Burkholderia pseudomallei may be caused by preservative. J. Clin. Pathol. 53:159-160. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

284.Siripanthong, S., S. Teerapantuwat, W. Prugsanusak, Y. Suputtamongkol, P. Viriyasithavat, W. Chaowagul, D. A. Dance, and N. J. White. 1991. Corneal ulcer caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei: report of three cases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13:335-337. [PubMed]

285.Sirisinha, S., N. Anuntagool, T. Dharakul, P. Ekpo, S. Wongratanacheewin, P. Naigowit, B. Petchclai, V. Thamlikitkul, and Y. Suputtamongkol. 2000. Recent developments in laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis. Acta Trop. 74:235-245. [PubMed]

286.Sirisinha, S., N. Anuntagool, P. Intachote, V. Wuthiekanun, S. D. Puthucheary, J. Vadivelu, and N. J. White. 1998. Antigenic differences between clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Microbiol. Immunol. 42:731-737. [PubMed]

287.Siritapetawee, J., H. Prinz, W. Samosornsuk, R. H. Ashley, and W. Suginta. 2004. Functional reconstitution, gene isolation and topology modelling of porins from Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis. Biochem J. 377:579-587. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

288.Smith, C., J. Allen, M. Embi, O. Othman, N. Razak, and G. Ismail. 1987. Human melioidosis; an emerging medical problem. MIRCEN J. 3:343-366.

289.Smith, M. D., B. J. Angus, V. Wuthiekanun, and N. J. White. 1997. Arabinose assimilation defines a nonvirulent biotype of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect. Immun. 65:4319-4321. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

290.Smith, M. D., Y. Suputtamongkol, W. Chaowagul, M. Assicot, C. Bohuon, S. Petitjean, and N. J. White. 1995. Elevated serum procalcitonin levels in patients with melioidosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:641-645. [PubMed]

291.Smith, M. D., V. Wuthiekanun, A. L. Walsh, and N. J. White. 1996. In-vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against beta-lactam susceptible and resistant strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:611-615. [PubMed]

292.Smith, M. D., V. Wuthiekanun, A. L. Walsh, and N. J. White. 1995. Quantitative recovery of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) pseudomallei from soil in Thailand. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89:488-490. [PubMed]

293.Smith-Vaughan, H. C., D. Gal, P. M. Lawrie, C. Winstanley, K. S. Sriprakash, and B. J. Currie. 2003. Ubiquity of putative type III secretion genes among clinical and environmental Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates in Northern Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:883-885. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

294.Snijders, E. P. 1933. Melioidosis op Java. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskunde 77:560-561.

295.So, S. Y., P. Y. Chau, M. Aquinas, M. Gabriel, and W. K. Lam. 1987. Melioidosis: a serological survey in a tuberculosis sanatorium in Hong Kong. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1017-1019. [PubMed]

296.So, S. Y., P. Y. Chau, Y. K. Leung, and W. K. Lam. 1984. First report of septicaemic melioidosis in Hong Kong. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78:456-459. [PubMed]

297.So, S. Y., P. Y. Chau, Y. K. Leung, W. K. Lam, and D. Y. Yu. 1983. Successful treatment of melioidosis caused by a multiresistant strain in an immunocompromised host with third generation cephalosporins. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127:650-654. [PubMed]

298.Sodeman, W. A. J. 1994. Sherlock Holmes and tropical medicine: a centennial appraisal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50:99-101. [PubMed]

299.Sookpranee, M., P. Boonma, W. Susaengrat, K. Bhuripanyo, and S. Punyagupta. 1992. Multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing ceftazidime plus co-trimoxazole with chloramphenicol plus doxycycline and co-trimoxazole for treatment of severe melioidosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:158-162. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

300.Sookpranee, M., P. Lumbiganon, S. Puapermpoonsiri, A. Tattawasatra, and J. Nopwinyoovongs. 1989. Contamination of Savlon solution with Pseudomonas pseudomallei at Srinagarind Hospital., p. 211-213. In S. Punyagupta, T. Sirisanthana, and B. Stapatayavong (ed.), Melioidosis. Bangkok Medical Publisher, Bangkok, Thailand.

Các nội dung khác »

---