Phần 2: Cập nhật thông tin về các hóa chất diệt & kiểm soát côn trùng
Sốt rét trong thời gian qua đã có nhiều tiến bộ trong việc giảm mắc, giảm chết và không để dịch sốt rét xảy ra, tuy nhiên ngành y tế vẫn đang đối mặt với nhiều thách thức nên có thể dẫn đến nguy cơ thất bại các thành quả bởi các rào cản và khó khăn về mặt kỹ thuật cũng như ngân sách đầu tư như muỗi kháng hóa chất dệt côn trùng, ký sinh trùng sốt rét kháng thuốc, sốt rét trên nhóm dân di biến động, giao lưu biên giới và đi rừng ngủ rẫy. Một trong các thách thức đó là đáp ứng của muỗi sốt rét Anophes spp. và muỗi sốt xuất huyết Aedes spp.với các hoá chất đang sử dụng trong chương trình.Hội đồng hành động kháng hóa chất (The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee_IRAC) quốc tế đã đưa ra định nghĩa về kháng hóa chất (insecticide resistance) là một sự thay đổi mang tính di truyền (heritable change) về tính nhạy của quần thể côn trùng, phản ánh sự lập lại sản phẩm diệt côn trùng với mức độ mong đợikhi sử dụng theo liều khuyến cáo. Trong vòng 15 năm qua, tiến trình phòng chống sốt rét và các bệnh do vector truyền đã sử dụng rất nhiều can thiệp phòng chống vector, đặc biệt tại khu vực các quốc cận sa mạc Sahara, châu Phi. Tuy nhiên, khi có sự giảm nhạy và kháng hóa chất de dọa sự sống còn của các hóa chất cũng như đe dọa thất bại một loại cong cụ quan trọng trong kiểm soát vector như quần thể muỗi Anopheles spp. cũng như Aedes spp. đi cùng với kháng thuốc do quần thể ký sinh trùng Plasmodium spp. Nếu không kiểm tra giám sát kháng hóa chất có thể dãn đến tăng tỷ lệ mắc sốt rét và nguy cơ tử vong. Cộng đồng sốt rét toàn cầu cần có các hành động khẩn cấp đẻ ngăn ngừa kháng hóa chất và duy trì hiệu quả các biện pháp phòng chống vector. Kháng hóa chất phản ánh mức độ ít nhiều 4 phân lớp hóa chất. Kể từ năm 2010, tổng số 61 quốc gia báo cáo kháng vói ít nhất một hóa chấttại ít nhất 50 trong số quốc gia đang có báo cáo kháng với hai hoặc hơn. Tuy nhiên, sự hiểu biết về vấn đề vẫn chưa hoàn hảo. Gần đây, nhiều nghiên cứu tiến hành đánh giá tình hình nhạy kháng các hóa chất trong lĩnh vực côn trùng có những kết quả nhất định và công bố ấn bản quan trọng trên toàn cầu nhằm chia sẻ thông tin cho giới khoa học và các nhà làm chính sách: [Specific determination of deltamethrin and tralomethrin by preparative HPLC and GC-ECD]. Takatsuki S, Nemoto S, Sasaki K, Toyoda M. Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku. 1997;(115):135-9. Japanese. PMID: 9641828 Determination of deltamethrin in rat plasma and brain using gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Gullick D, Popovici A, Young HC, Bruckner JV, Cummings BS, Li P, Bartlett MG. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014 Jun 1;960:158-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.008. Epub 2014 Apr 13. PMID: 24814001 Decrease of pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin residues in stored rice with post-harvest treatment. Yu C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zou N, Gu K, Li X, Pan C. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 May 16;11(5):5372-81. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505372. PMID: 24840352 Free PMC Article Ultrasensitive detection of deltamethrin by immune magnetic nanoparticles separation coupled with surface plasmon resonance sensor. Liu X, Li L, Liu YQ, Shi XB, Li WJ, Yang Y, Mao LG. Biosens Bioelectron. 2014 Sep 15;59:328-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.020. Epub 2014 Apr 13. PMID: 24747571 Application of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of pyrethrins and pyrethroids in fish tissues. Rawn DF, Judge J, Roscoe V. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Jul;397(6):2525-31. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-3786-5. Epub 2010 May 15. PMID: 20473485 Similar articles Novel long-lasting impregnation technique transferred from clothing to bednets: extended efficacy and residual activity of different pyrethroids against Aedes aegypti as shown by EN ISO 6330-standardized machine laundering. Faulde M, Albiez G, Nehring O. Parasitol Res. 2012 Jun;110(6):2341-50. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2769-6. 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