Phần 1: Nghiên cứu bệnh lý đơn bào ở người chưa được quan tâm đúng mực về phương diện bệnh tiêu hóa
Đơn bào ( protozoa) là các vi sinh vật đơn bào kích thước nhỏ có thể sống tự do hoặc sống ký sinh một cách tự nhiên. Chúng có thể nhân lên trong cơ thể người, điều này giúp chúng sống sót và cho phép chúng gây nhiễm trùng nghiêm trọng. Sự lan truyền bệnh do đơn bào từ đường tiêu hóa của người này đến người khác thông qua con đường điển hình là phân miệng (fecal-oral route), chẳng hạn lây qua nguồn thực phẩm hoặc nước uống nhiễm bệnh, hoặc tiếp xúc giữa người với người.
Đơn bào có thể sống trong máu hoặc mô của người và có thể lây truyền sang người khác thông qua các trung gian động vật chân khớp (arthropod vector) như muỗi hoặc muỗi cát.Trong một vài hệ thống phân loại sinh học, đơn bào là một nhóm đa dạng với hầu hết các vi sinh vật đơn nhân di động, nhưng thuật ngữ này từ lầu đã không còn dùng trong phân loại học hiện đại nữa. Về mặt lịch sử, đơn bào được định nghĩa như các động vật nguyên sinh đơn bào có các hoạt động giống như động vật. Đơn bào liên quan đến nhóm gồm các động vật nguyên sinh đến thực vật nguyên sinh có các hoạt động giống như thực vật ( protophyta ), chẳng hạn quá trình quang hợp. Thuật ngữ protozoan gần đây được xem như vấn đề quan tâm do các thông tin về các kỹ thuật phân tích cấu trúc, sinh hóa, di truyền hiện đại cho thấy nhóm không hình thành đơn vị huyết thống đơn tố mà đòi hỏi có sự phân loại hiện đại. Các hệ thống đơn vị huyết đơn tố về đơn bào hiện đại trong các động vật có nhân thực có thể tổng hợp lại và đang dần thay thế lớp đơn bào, bao gồm Excavata , Amoebae , Chromalveolata và Rhizaria .
Về mặt thuật ngữ, theo gốc từ Hy Lạp, protozoon (protos có nghĩa là đầu tiên và zoon có nghĩa là động vật). Tuy nhiên, trong quá trình sử dụng, một phần gốc từ đã bị thay thế từ protozoon sang từ protozoan. Trong cùng phương cách dạng số nhiều protozoans đôi khi sử dụng thay cho protozoa . Nhìn chung, đơn bào được xem như các động vật nguyên sinh vì chúng có tính chuyển động. Tuy nhiên, cả protozoa và protists đều là nhóm paraphyletic (không gồm tất cả các nhóm quan hệ về mặt di truyền). Chẳng hạn, Entamoeba có quan hệ chặt chẽ với người hơn Euglena . Thuật ngữ đơn bào vẫn còn sử dụng thống nhất, nhất là đề cập trong giảng dạy tại các trường và ngày nay, đơn bào thường là các sinh vật có nhân thực và dị dưỡng, không chứa các cấu trúc dạng sợi.
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Entamoeba histolytica Cysteine Proteinase 5 Evokes Mucin Exocytosis from Colonic Goblet Cells via αvβ3 Integrin.
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Hình 10
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Hình 11
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Hình 11
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Virulence of E. histolytica strains isolated from cases of amoebiasis in New Delhi, India.
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Early inflammatory damage to intestinal neurons occurs via inducible nitric oxide synthase.
Venkataramana S, Lourenssen S, Miller KG, Blennerhassett MG.
Neurobiol Dis . 2015 Mar;75:40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.014. Epub 2015 Jan 3.
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[Histological and histochemical investigations of large and small intestine in guinea pigs infected by entamoeba histolytica].
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Prevention of intestinal amebiasis by vaccination with the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNac lectin.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of two Entamoeba histolytica strains with different virulence phenotypes identifies peroxiredoxin as an important component of amoebic virulence.
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Mol Microbiol . 2006 Sep;61(6):1523-32.
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Stereotypic and specific elements of the human colonic response to Entamoeba histolytica and Shigella flexneri.
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Cell Microbiol . 2004 Jun;6(6):535-54.
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[Experimental amebiasis: effect of PGE1 on rats infested with Entamoeba histolytica].
Cicchini T, Bianchini C, Belli M, Antonioni P, Anfuso C, Bacca M.
Ann Sclavo . 1980 Sep-Oct;22(5):763-75. Italian.
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Human amebic dysentery. Electron microscopy of Entamoeba histolytica contacting, ingesting, and digesting inflammatory cells.
Griffin JL.
Am J Trop Med Hyg . 1972 Nov;21(6):895-906. No abstract available.
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Amebic dysentery. Animal model: experimental Entamoeba histolytica infection in the germfree guinea pig.
Jervis HR, Takeuchi A.
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Diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and amebic colitis by detection of Entamoeba histolytica DNA in blood, urine, and saliva by a real-time PCR assay.
Haque R, Kabir M, Noor Z, Rahman SM, Mondal D, Alam F, Rahman I, Al Mahmood A, Ahmed N, Petri WA Jr.
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Intestinal smooth muscle phenotype determines enteric neuronal survival via GDNF expression.
Han TY, Lourenssen S, Miller KG, Blennerhassett MG.
Neuroscience . 2015 Apr 2;290:357-68. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.056. Epub 2015 Feb 2.
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A Toll/IL-1R/resistance domain-containing thioredoxin regulates phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica.
Mancilla-Herrera I, Méndez-Tenorio A, Wong-Baeza I, Jiménez-Uribe AP, Alcántara-Hernández M, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Arriaga-Pizano LA, López-Macías C, González-y-Merchand J, Isibasi A.
Parasit Vectors . 2012 Oct 8;5:224. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-224.
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