Đơn bào đứng về thuyết tiến hóa là những động vật hình thành sớm nhất, nên được gọi là nguyên sinh động vật để phân biệt với hậu sinh động vật (sinh vật đa bào). Chúng có phân bố ở khắp nơi (đất, nước ngọt, nước mặn, trong cơ thể sinh vật khác). Đây là nét khác biệt chính so với thực vật nguyên sinh (được xem là những sinh vật đơn bào không có khả năng chuyển động và thực hiện trao đổi chất qua quá trình quang hợp).

Động vật nguyên sinh ước tính hiện có khoảng 25.000-30.000 loài, trong đó một số cũng có cả khả năng quang hợp. Động vật nguyên sinh là một dạng sống đơn giản, mặc dù cơ thể chỉ có một tế bào, nhưng có khả năng thực hiện đầy đủ các hoạt động sống như một cơ thể đa bào hoàn chỉnh, chúng có thể thu lấy thức ăn, tiêu hóa, tổng hợp, hô hấp, bài tiết, điều hòa điện giải ion và điều hòa áp suất thẩm thấu, di chuyển và sinh sản. Sở dĩ chúng có thể thực hiện được các hoạt động sống đó là vì trong cơ thể cũng có những bộ phận giống với các bộ phận ở tế bào của cơ thể đa bào như nhân, ty thể, nguyên sinh chất, bộ, Golgi, không bào co bóp và không bào tiêu hóa. Một số động vật nguyên sinh còn có bào hầu nối liền bào khẩu với túi tiêu hóa, tiêm mao hoặc chiên mao hoạt động được nhờ thể gốc. Động vật nguyên sinh thường có kích thước 0,01 – 0,05mm và không phải là động vật thực sự. Trong khi chưa có định nghĩa nào chính xác về thuật ngữ protozoa, người ta thường ám chỉ như các sinh vật nguyên sinh đơn nhân dị dưỡng, chẳng hạn amip và trùng lông. Thuật ngữ algae thường sử dụng cho các vi sinh vật có tính quang hợp. Tuy nhiên, sự phân biệt giữa protozoa và algae thường không rõ ràng. Chẳng hạn, alga Dinobryon có chloroplast để quang hợp, nhưng chúng có thể ăn các chất hữu cơ và có thể di động.

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Hình 1

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Hình 2

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Increased expression of the major cysteine proteinases by stable episomal transfection underlines the important role of EhCP5 for the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica.

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Hình 3

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Hình 4

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Degradation of the transcription factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 is involved in Entamoeba histolytica-induced cell death in Caco-2 colonic epithelial cells.

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Hình 5

Entamoeba histolytica Alters ileal Paneth Cell Functions in Intact and Muc2 Mucin Deficiency.

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Intestinal Inflammation-Mediated Clearance of Amebic Parasites Is Dependent o­n IFN-γ.

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An amebic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) complements the yeast PDI1 mutation but is unable to support cell viability under ER or thermal stress

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Hình 7

Administration of defined microbiota is protective in a murine Salmonella infection model

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World J Clin Cases. 2013 May 16; 1(2): 79–81. Published o­nline 2013 May 16. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v1.i2.79

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Effect of the Leptin Receptor Q223R Polymorphism o­n the Host Transcriptome following Infection with Entamoeba histolytica

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MECHANSIMS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE REPSONSES TO INFLAMMATION

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Hình 8

Prevalence and immune response to Entamoeba histolytica infection in preschool children in Bangladesh.

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Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Oct;69(4):398-405.

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Amebiasis and mucosal IgA antibody against the Entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin in Bangladeshi children.

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Hình 9

Seroepidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a slum in northeastern Brazil.

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Hình 10

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Hình 11

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Hình 12+13

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Hình 13

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Hình 15

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Increased risk for Entamoeba histolytica infection and invasive amebiasis in HIV seropositive men who have sex with men in Taiwan.

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Household epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica infection in an urban community in northeastern Brazil.

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Entamoeba species associated with chronic diarrhoea in Pakistan.

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