Việc nghiên cứu và tìm hiểu về một tác nhân gây bệnh, đặc biệt là các tác nhân ký sinh trùng nhiệt đới bị lãng quên là rất quan trọng bởi nếu bỏ qua, chúng dễ dàng dẫn đến các biến chứng nguy hiểm và đe dọa tính mạng của bệnh nhân và cả cộng đồng nếu nguy cơ lây nhiễm cao.

Một trong những tác nhân ký sinh trùng đơn bào gây bệnh nghiêm trọng cơ quan thần kinh trung ương ở người với tỷ lệ tử vong lên đến gần 100% mặc dù bệnh nhân đang ở trong các cơ sở y tế hiện đại và ở quốc gia có nền y học bậc nhất thế giới. Đó chính là loại amip ăn não Naegleria fowleri đã gây tử vong 2 bệnh nhân ở Việt Nam năm 2014.

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Siripanth C.

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Hình 1

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Hình 2

Excretory and Secretory Proteins of Naegleria fowleri Induce Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells.

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Effects of immunization with the rNfa1 protein o­n experimental Naegleria fowleri-PAM mice.

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Hình 3

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Mucins in the host defence against Naegleria fowleri and mucinolytic activity as a possible means of evasion.

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Hình 4

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J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2015 Jan-Feb;62(1):12-20. doi: 10.1111/jeu.12178. Epub 2014 Oct 28.

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Biology and pathogenesis of Naegleria fowleri.

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Acta Trop. 2016 Dec;164:375-394. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.009. Epub 2016 Sep 9. Review.

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Hình 5

The mitochondrial genome and a 60-kb nuclear DNA segment from Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Herman EK, Greninger AL, Visvesvara GS, Marciano-Cabral F, Dacks JB, Chiu CY.

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Identification of Naegleria fowleri proteins linked to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

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Microbiology. 2017 Mar;163(3):322-332. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000428. Epub 2017 Mar 23.

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Acta Trop. 2015 Feb;142:86-8. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.11.004. Epub 2014 Nov 13. Review.

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Primary amebic meningoencephalitis--North Carolina, 1991.

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Hình 6

Interaction of secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies with Naegleria fowleri trophozoites and collagen type I.

Shibayama M, Serrano-Luna Jde J, Rojas-Hernández S, Campos-Rodríguez R, Tsutsumi V.

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PMID: 12795402 Similar articles Select item 17340143

Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in Naegleria fowleri.

Rojas-Hernández S, Rodríguez-Monroy MA, Moreno-Fierros L, Jarillo-Luna A, Carrasco-Yepez M, Miliar-García A, Campos-Rodríguez R.

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Assessing the risk of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from swimming in the presence of environmental Naegleria fowleri.

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Use of the Novel Therapeutic Agent Miltefosine for the Treatment of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis: Report of 1 Fatal and 1 Surviving Case.

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Detection of serum antibodies in children and adolescents against Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba T4.

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Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cathepsin B and cathepsin B-Like proteins of Naegleria fowleri.

Seong GS, Sohn HJ, Kang H, Seo GE, Kim JH, Shin HJ.

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Antagonistic action of the bacterium Bacillus licheniformis M-4 toward the amoeba Naegleria fowleri.

Cordovilla P, Valdivia E, Gonzalez-Segura A, Galvez A, Martinez-Bueno M, Maqueda M.

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Intranasal immunization with Naegleria fowleri lysates and Cry1Ac induces metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium and increases IgA secretion.

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IgA and IgM anti-Naegleria fowleri antibodies in human serum and saliva.

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Naegleria fowleri in Pakistan - an emerging catastrophe.

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Hình 7

Naegleria fowleri: contact-dependent secretion of electrondense granules (EDG).

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Cytopathic changes and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by Naegleria fowleri trophozoites in rat microglial cells and protective effects of an anti-Nfa1 antibody.

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Hình 8

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis deaths associated with sinus irrigation using contaminated tap water.

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Naegleria fowleri: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology of Brain Inflammation, and Antimicrobial Treatments.

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Membrane vesiculation of Naegleria fowleri amoebae as a mechanism for resisting complement damage.

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Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri in a South American tapir.

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Is ritual cleansing a missing link between fatal infection and brain-eating amoebae?

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Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):1817-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis309. Epub 2012 Mar 15. No abstract available.

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Activity of isoflavans of Dalea aurea (Fabaceae) against the opportunistic ameba naegleria fowleri.

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In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole o­n clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri.

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Review of clinical presentations in Thai patients with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.

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Hình 9

What do we know by now about the genus Naegleria?

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Deaths from rare protozoan encephalitis in Karachi blamed o­n unchlorinated water.

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Amphotericin B induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi.

Cárdenas-Zúñiga R, Silva-Olivares A, Villalba-Magdaleno JA, Sánchez-Monroy V, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M.

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Hình 10

Survey of Naegleria fowleri in geothermal recreational waters of Guadeloupe (French West Indies).

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Emerging trends in free-living amebic infections of the brain: implications for organ transplantation.

Diaz JH, Boudreaux JP.

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Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl.

Dunn AL, Reed T, Stewart C, Levy RA.

Lab Med. 2016 May;47(2):149-54. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmw008. Epub 2016 Mar 15.

PMID: 26984830 Similar articles Select item 16428768

Identification of a Naegleria fowleri membrane protein reactive with anti-human CD59 antibody.

Fritzinger AE, Toney DM, MacLean RC, Marciano-Cabral F.

Infect Immun. 2006 Feb;74(2):1189-95.

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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis.

Gupta R, Parashar MK, Kale A.

J Assoc Physicians India. 2015 Apr;63(4):69-71.

PMID: 26591176 Similar articles Select item 24456292

Novel chemotherapeutic strategies in the management of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri.

Baig AM, Khan NA.

CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014 Mar;20(3):289-90. doi: 10.1111/cns.12225. Epub 2014 Jan 24. No abstract available.

PMID: 24456292 Similar article Select item 25605363

Bis-benzimidazole hits against Naegleria fowleri discovered with new high-throughput screens.

Rice CA, Colon BL, Alp M, Göker H, Boykin DW, Kyle DE.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Apr;59(4):2037-44. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05122-14. Epub 2015 Jan 20.

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Free-living amebic meningoencephalitides: comparative study.

Martínez AJ.

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Naegleria fowleri infection acquired by mice through swimming in amebae-contaminated water.

John DT, Nussbaum SL.

J Parasitol. 1983 Oct;69(5):871-4.

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Use of monoclonal antibodies to distinguish pathogenic Naegleria fowleri (cysts, trophozoites, or flagellate forms) from other Naegleria species.

Sparagano O, Drouet E, Brebant R, Manet E, Denoyel GA, Pernin P.

J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Oct;31(10):2758-63.

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Efficacy of immune therapy in early experimental Naegleria fowleri meningitis.

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Hình 11

Innate resistance of mice to experimental infection with Naegleria fowleri.

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Infect Immun. 1978 Apr;20(1):73-7.

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Nasal carriage of Naegleria fowleri and its environmental occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria.

Ugonabo JA, Gugnani HC.

J Commun Dis. 1989 Jun;21(2):111-3.

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Experimental pneumonitis induced by Naegleria fowleri in mice.

Willaert E, Stevens AR.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980;74(6):779-83.

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Role of the Nfa1 protein in pathogenic Naegleria fowleri cocultured with CHO target cells.

Kang SY, Song KJ, Jeong SR, Kim JH, Park S, Kim K, Kwon MH, Shin HJ.

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 Jul;12(7):873-6.

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Surviving Naegleria fowleri infections: A successful case report and novel therapeutic approach.

Heggie TW, Küpper T.

Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017 Mar - Apr;16:49-51. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.12.005. Epub 2016 Dec 22.

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Identification of Naegleria fowleri in domestic water sources by nested PCR.

Marciano-Cabral F, MacLean R, Mensah A, LaPat-Polasko L.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct;69(10):5864-9.

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Hình 12

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in Thailand: report of a case and review literatures.

Sirinavin S, Jariya P, Lertlaituan P, Chuahirun S, Pongkripetch M.

J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 Jan;72 Suppl 1:174-6. Review.

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Primary amebic meningoencephalitis--Georgia, 2002.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

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Naegleria fowleri infections.

Linam WM, Cope JR.

Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017 Nov - Dec;20:65. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.05.007. Epub 2017 May 10. No abstract available.

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Immunization of mice against Naegleria fowleri infection.

John DT, Weik RR, Adams AC.

Infect Immun. 1977 Jun;16(3):817-20.

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Susceptibility of wild mammals to infection with Naegleria fowleri.

John DT, Hoppe KL.

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[Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: a case report].

Cubero-Menéndez O, Cubero-Rego D.

Rev Neurol. 2004 Feb 16-29;38(4):336-8. Spanish.

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In vivo study of artemisinin and its derivatives against primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri.

Gupta S, Ghosh PK, Dutta GP, Vishwakarma RA.

J Parasitol. 1995 Dec;81(6):1012-3.

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[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleria)].

Hashimoto R, Tanaka Y.

Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu. 1999;(24 Pt 2):412-4. Review. Japanese. No abstract available.

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Fatal Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, Italy.

Cogo PE, Scagli M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, Zhou L, Xiao L, Visvesvara GS.

Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1835-7.

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Okuda DT, Coons S.

Neurology. 2003 Jul 8;61(1):E1. No abstract available.

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Comparative recoveries of Naegleria fowleri amoebae from seeded river water by filtration and centrifugation.

Pernin P, Pélandakis M, Rouby Y, Faure A, Siclet F.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Mar;64(3):955-9.

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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis after swimming in the Rio Grande.

DeNapoli TS, Rutman JY, Robinson JR, Rhodes MM.

Tex Med. 1996 Oct;92(10):59-63.

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Hình 13

A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a Nigerian farmer.

Lawande RV, Macfarlane JT, Weir WR, Awunor-Renner C.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980 Jan;29(1):21-5.

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Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in Naegleria fowleri and their role in invasion of the central nervous system.

Lam C, Jamerson M, Cabral G, Carlesso AM, Marciano-Cabral F.

Microbiology. 2017 Oct;163(10):1436-1444. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000537. Epub 2017 Sep 28.

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Intravenous infection of mice with Naegleria fowleri.

May RG, John DT.

Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1982;29(3):201-10.

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Primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a patient with AIDS: unusual protozoological findings.

Clavel A, Franco L, Letona S, Cuesta J, Barberá A, Varea M, Quílez J, Javier Castillo F, Gómez-Lus R.

Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;23(6):1314-5. No abstract available.

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Fatal meningoencephalitis in child and isolation of Naegleria fowleri from hot springs in Costa Rica.

Abrahams-Sandí E, Retana-Moreira L, Castro-Castillo A, Reyes-Batlle M, Lorenzo-Morales J.

Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Feb;21(2):382-4. doi: 10.3201/eid2102.141576. No abstract available.

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[Experimental infection of Naegleria fowleri in mice].

Kuroki T, Yagita K, Sugiyama H, Yamai S, Fukuma T, Katsube Y, Endo T.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1998 Oct;72(10):1064-9. Japanese.

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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri: an old enemy presenting new challenges.

Siddiqui R, Khan NA.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Aug 14;8(8):e3017. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003017. eCollection 2014 Aug. Review.

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CYP51 is an essential drug target for the treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

Debnath A, Calvet CM, Jennings G, Zhou W, Aksenov A, Luth MR, Abagyan R, Nes WD, McKerrow JH, Podust LM.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Dec 28;11(12):e0006104. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006104. eCollection 2017 Dec.

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Survey of Naegleria from Taiwan recreational waters using culture enrichment combined with PCR.

Huang SW, Hsu BM.

Acta Trop. 2011 Aug;119(2-3):114-8. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.016. Epub 2011 May 27.

PMID: 21640066 Similar articles Select item 22695355

Growth dynamic of Naegleria fowleri in a microbial freshwater biofilm.

Goudot S, Herbelin P, Mathieu L, Soreau S, Banas S, Jorand F.

Water Res. 2012 Sep 1;46(13):3958-66. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.030. Epub 2012 May 24.

PMID: 22695355 Similar articles Select item 29128927

Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition.

Martínez-Castillo M, Santos-Argumedo L, Galván-Moroyoqui JM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M.

Parasitol Res. 2018 Jan;117(1):75-87. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5666-9. Epub 2017 Nov 11.

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Immunological characterizations of a cloned 13.1-kilodalton protein from pathogenic Naegleria fowleri.

Cho MS, Jung SY, Park S, Kim KH, Kim HI, Sohn S, Kim HJ, Im KI, Shin HJ.

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003 Sep;10(5):954-9.

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Hình 14

Diagnosis, Clinical Course, and Treatment of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in the United States, 1937-2013.

Capewell LG, Harris AM, Yoder JS, Cope JR, Eddy BA, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, Fox LM, Beach MJ.

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015 Dec;4(4):e68-75. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piu103. Epub 2014 Oct 23.

PMID: 26582886 Similar articles Select item 2792304

Naegleria australiensis ssp. italica: experimental study in mice.

Scaglia M, Gatti S, Cevini C, Bernuzzi AM, Martinez AJ.

Exp Parasitol. 1989 Oct;69(3):294-9.

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Development of Untargeted Metabolomics Methods for the Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri.

Yu Z, Miller HC, Puzon GJ, Clowers BH.

Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Apr 18;51(8):4210-4219. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05969. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

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Species specificity of a monoclonal antibody produced to Naegleria fowleri and partial characterization of its antigenic determinant.

Réveiller FL, Marciano-Cabral F, Pernin P, Cabanes PA, Legastelois S.

Parasitol Res. 2000 Aug;86(8):634-41.

PMID: 1095226 Similar articles Select item 23258265

Disruption of MDCK cell tight junctions by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri.

Shibayama M, Martínez-Castillo M, Silva-Olivares A, Galindo-Gómez S, Navarro-García F, Escobar-Herrera J, Sabanero M, Tsutsumi V, Serrano-Luna J.

Microbiology. 2013 Feb;159(Pt 2):392-401. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.063255-0. Epub 2012 Dec 20.

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Hình 15

Rapid detection of Naegleria fowleri in water distribution pipeline biofilms and drinking water samples.

Puzon GJ, Lancaster JA, Wylie JT, Plumb IJ.

Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Sep 1;43(17):6691-6.

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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: two new cases from Pakistan.

Saleem T, Rabbani M, Jamil B.

Trop Doct. 2009 Oct;39(4):242-3. doi: 10.1258/td.2009.090032. Epub 2009 Aug 11.

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Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in an Infant due to Naegleria fowleri.

Khanna V, Khanna R, Hebbar S, Shashidhar V, Mundkar S, Munim F, Annamalai K, Nayak D, Mukhopadhayay C.

Case Rep Neurol Med. 2011;2011:782539. doi: 10.1155/2011/782539. Epub 2011 Nov 3.

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[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: 1st case observed in Madagascar].

Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Alessandri JL, Molet B, Clouzeau J, Jacquemot L, Sampériz S, Saly JC.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2005 Apr;98(1):11-3. French.

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Laboratory diagnosis of pathogenic free-living amoebas: Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Leptomyxid.

Martinez AJ, Visvesvara GS.

Clin Lab Med. 1991 Dec;11(4):861-72. Review.

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Neuroimaging findings in rare amebic infections of the central nervous system.

Schumacher DJ, Tien RD, Lane K.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Apr;16(4 Suppl):930-5. Review.

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Enhancement of virulence of Naegleria fowleri by growth in Vero-cell cultures.

John DT, John RA.

J Parasitol. 1994 Feb;80(1):149-51.

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Ultrastructural observations of experimental Naegleria meningoencephalitis in mice: intranuclear inclusions in amebae and host cells.

Schuster FL, Dunnebacke TH.

J Protozool. 1977 Nov;24(4):489-97.

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[Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis by Balamuthia mandrillaris: case report and literature review].

Cuevas P M, Smoje P G, Jofré M L, Ledermann D W, Noemí H I, Berwart C F, Latorre L JJ, González B S.

Rev Chilena Infectol. 2006 Sep;23(3):237-42. Epub 2006 Aug 4. Review. Spanish.

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Serum antibodies to Balamuthia mandrillaris, a free-living amoeba recently demonstrated to cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.

Huang ZH, Ferrante A, Carter RF.

J Infect Dis. 1999 May;179(5):1305-8.

PMID: 10191243 Similar articles

Hình 16

Immunoblot analysis of IgA antibodies to Naegleria fowleri in human saliva and serum.

Rivera-Aguilar V, Hernández-Martínez D, Rojas-Hernández S, Oliver-Aguillón G, Tsutsumi V, Herrera-González N, Campos-Rodríguez R.

Parasitol Res. 2000 Sep;86(9):775-80.

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Modulation of complement resistance and virulence of Naegleria fowleri amoebae by alterations in growth media.

Toney DM, Marciano-Cabral F.

J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1994 Jul-Aug;41(4):337-43.

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Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: epidemiological study in Anzoategui state, Venezuela.

Cermeño JR, Hernández I, El Yasin H, Tinedo R, Sánchez R, Pérez G, Gravano R, Ruiz A.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006 May-Jun;39(3):264-8.

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Current research o­n free-living amebae causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis.

Marciano-Cabral F, Bradley SG.

J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2001;Suppl:3S. No abstract available.

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Virulent Naegleria fowleri in indoor swimming pool.

Kadlec V, Skvárová J, Cerva L, Nebáznivá D.

Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1980;27(1):11-7.

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