Cùng với sự phát triển kháng thuốc của nhiều tác nhân vi khuẩn, virus, nấm và ký sinh trùng hiện nay đang diễn ra trên phạm vi toàn cầu và ngay tại Việt Nam. Trong đó, đáng chú ý đến các chủng phế cầu Strptococcus pneumoniae với nhiều loại kháng sinh khác nhau, ngay cả thuốc kháng sinh phổ rộng có thể do nhiều nuyên do khác nhau từ việc sử dụng thuốc không đúng mục đích, sử dụng thuốc tràn lan và quá rộng rãi tại các cơ sở điều trị và kê đơn thuốc không hợp lý cũng như sử dụng thuốc tại cộng đồng trong nhiều năm qua.

Trước tình trạng đó, việc nghiên cứu đánh giá dịch tễ học kháng thuốc, nghiên cứu thuốc mới hoặc phối hợp thuốc chống kháng và chế tạo vaccine để phòng bệnh cho phế cầu hiện đang là hướng đi của nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới cũng như tại Việt Nam. Nhân đây, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ thông tin một số nghiên cứu liên quan đến các vấn đề sức khỏe nói trên như cập nhật thông tin thế giới và cho thấy trong nghiên cứu vẫn còn nhiều điều thú vị và còn nhiều khoảng trống để chúng ta cần phải nghiên cứu và lấp lỗ hỗng này.

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Nasrin D, Collignon PJ, Wilson EJ, Pilotto LS, Douglas RM.J Paediatr Child Health. 1999 Dec;35(6):558-61.PMID: 10634983 Similar articles Select item 1273720293.

Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization in young healthy children: rate of carriage, serotype distribution, and antibiotic resistance.

Mosca A, Carucci A, Santacroce L, Schettini F, De Mattia D, Miragliotta G.New Microbiol. 2003 Apr;26(2):187-92.PMID: 12737202 Similar articles Select item 1936636294.

Management of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Picazo JJ.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Apr;15 Suppl 3:4-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02723.x. Review. PMID: 19366362 Free Article Similar articles Select item 980262895.

Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients.

Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Greenberg D, Yagupsky P, Fliss DM, Leiberman A.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Oct;17(10):880-5.PMID: 9802628 Similar articlesSelect item 2184870896.

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Increasing antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing children attending day-care centres in Singapore.

Vasoo S, Singh K, Hsu LY, Chiew YF, Chow C, Lin RT, Tambyah PA.Respirology. 2011 Nov;16(8):1241-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02036.x.PMID: 21848708 Similar articlesSelect item 1573050797.

High nasopharyngeal carriage of drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in North Indian schoolchildren.

Jain A, Kumar P, Awasthi S.Trop Med Int Health. 2005 Mar;10(3):234-9.PMID: 15730507 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1033271898.

Carriage of respiratory tract pathogens and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in healthy children attending day care centers in Lisbon, Portugal.

De Lencastre H, Kristinsson KG, Brito-Avô A, Sanches IS, Sá-Leão R, Saldanha J, Sigvaldadottir E, Karlsson S, Oliveira D, Mato R, Aires de Sousa M, Tomasz A.Microb Drug Resist. 1999 Spring;5(1):19-29.PMID: 10332718 Similar articlesSelect item 167079999.

Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Pakistan.

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Children with respiratory tract infections in Swedish primary care; prevalence of antibiotic resistance in common respiratory tract pathogens and relation to antibiotic consumption.

Tyrstrup M, Melander E, Hedin K, Beckman A, Mölstad S.BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Sep 4;17(1):603. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2703-3.PMID: 28870173 Free PMC Article Similar articles

Carriage of penicillin-susceptible and non-susceptible pneumococci in healthy young children in Göteborg, Sweden.

Borres MP, Alestig K, Krantz I, Larsson P, Norvenius G, Stenqvist K.J Infect. 2000 Mar;40(2):141-4.PMID: 10841089 Similar articles Select item 28414696102.

Decrease in Pneumococcal Otitis Media Cultures With Concomitant Increased Antibiotic Susceptibility in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Era.

Jabarin B, Pitaro J, Lazarovitch T, Gavriel H, Muallem-Kalmovich L, Eviatar E, Marom T.Otol Neurotol. 2017 Jul;38(6):853-859. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001419.PMID: 28414696 Similar articles Select item 23562996103.

Impact of the revised penicillin susceptibility breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae o­n antimicrobial resistance rates of meningeal and non-meningeal pneumococcal strains.

Al-Waili BR, Al-Thawadi S, Hajjar SA.Ann Saudi Med. 2013 Mar-Apr;33(2):111-5. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.111.PMID: 23562996 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 29405160104.

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Demographic profile of healthy children with nasopharyngeal colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae: A research paper.

Raman R, Sankar J, Putlibai S, Raghavan V.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2017 Oct-Dec;35(4):607-609. doi: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_15_347.PMID: 29405160 Free Article Similar articles Select item 24604030105.

Low prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and high serotype and genotype diversity among adults over 60 years of age living in Portugal.

Almeida ST, Nunes S, Santos Paulo AC, Valadares I, Martins S, Breia F, Brito-Avô A, Morais A, de Lencastre H, Sá-Leão R.PLoS o­ne. 2014 Mar 6;9(3):e90974. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090974. eCollection 2014.PMID: 24604030 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 27798547106.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Middle Ear Fluid Isolates During Acute Otitis Media and Nasopharyngeal Isolates During Community-acquired Alveolar Pneumonia in Central Romania.

Lixandru RI, Falup-Pecurariu C, Bleotu L, Mercas A, Leibovitz E, Dagan R, Greenberg D, Falup-Pecurariu O.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Feb;36(2):151-154. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001379.PMID: 27798547 Similar articles Select item 20300795107.

The trend of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharynx of children.

Matsumoto A, Takeyama A, Hashimoto K, Ito M, Katayose M, Kato K, Kawasaki Y, Hosoya M.J Infect Chemother. 2010 Aug;16(4):255-9. doi: 10.1007/s10156-010-0048-6. Epub 2010 Mar 19.PMID: 20300795 Similar articlesSelect item 26368823108.

Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Saudi Arabian children younger than 5years of age.

Almazrou Y, Shibl AM, Alkhlaif R, Pirçon JY, Anis S, Kandeil W, Hausdorff WP.J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2016 Jun;6(2):95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2015.08.002. Epub 2015 Sep 11.PMID: 26368823 Free Article Similar articles Select item 3172328109.

Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malaysian children.

Cheong YM, Jegathesan M, Henrichsen J, Wong YH, Ng AJ, Louis A.J Trop Pediatr. 1988 Aug;34(4):182-5. doi: 10.1093/tropej/34.4.182. No abstract available. PMID: 3172328 Similar articles Select item 27956163110.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged younger than 5 years in India: a surveillance study.

Manoharan A, Manchanda V, Balasubramanian S, Lalwani S, Modak M, Bai S, Vijayan A, Shet A, Nagaraj S, Karande S, Nataraj G, Yewale VN, Joshi SA, Iyer RN, Santosham M, Kahn GD, Knoll MD; Alliance for Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococci (ASIP) Study Group.Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Mar;17(3):305-312. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30466-2. Epub 2016 Dec 10.PMID: 27956163 Similar articlesSelect item 9733370111.

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in day-care centres in Stockholm County.

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Capsular serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from primary-school children.

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Distribution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance among pneumococci in Northern Ireland.

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Measurement of pneumococcal IgG antibody, carriage and infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children under five years of age with acute respiratory infection in Niger.

Ibrahim DD, Ousmane S, Moumouni K, Mahamane AE.J Infect Public Health. 2017 Sep - Oct;10(5):657-660. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.05.007. Epub 2017 Jun 28.PMID: 28668654 Free Article Similar articles Select item 15620019115.

[Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in Abidjan: update o­n nasopharyngeal carriage, from 1997 to 2001].

Kacou-N'douba A, Guessennd-Kouadio N, Kouassi-M'bengue A, Dosso M.Med Mal Infect. 2004 Feb;34(2):83-5. French. PMID: 15620019 Similar articles Select item 10577795116.

The bacteriology of the nasopharynx in childhood.

Leiberman A, Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Yagupsky P, Fliss DM.Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999 Oct 5;49 Suppl 1:S151-3.PMID: 10577795 Similar articles Select item 9142458117.

Increase in high resistance to penicillin of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Cádiz, Spain.

García-Martos P, Galán F, Marín P, Mira J.Chemotherapy. 1997 May-Jun;43(3):179-81.PMID: 9142458 Similar articles Select item 29588913118.

Dynamics of Colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains in Healthy Peruvian Children.

Nelson KN, Grijalva CG, Chochua S, Hawkins PA, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Klugman KP, Vidal JE.Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Feb 17;5(3):ofy039. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy039. eCollection 2018 Mar.PMID: 29588913 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 29699525119.

Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children.

Koliou MG, Andreou K, Lamnisos D, Lavranos G, Iakovides P, Economou C, Soteriades ES.BMC Pediatr. 2018 Apr 26;18(1):144. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1119-6.PMID: 29699525 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 28430673120.

Antimicrobial Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.

Cherazard R, Epstein M, Doan TL, Salim T, Bharti S, Smith MA.Am J Ther. 2017 May;24(3):e361-e369. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000551. Review.PMID: 28430673 Similar articles

Effect of penicillin prophylaxis o­n nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell anemia.

Anglin DL, Siegel JD, Pacini DL, Smith SJ, Adams G, Buchanan GR.J Pediatr. 1984 Jan;104(1):18-22.PMID: 6690671 Similar articlesSelect item 26859410122.

Dynamics of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage during the course of viral bronchiolitis.

Faber TE, Schuurs TA, Veeger NJ, Hennus MP, Bont LJ.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016 Aug;51(8):863-7. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23390. Epub 2016 Feb 9.PMID: 26859410 Similar articlesSelect item 26261387123.

Representation of Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Outpatient Population of Sarajevo Canton.

Aljicevic M, Karcic E, Bektas S, Karcic B.Med Arch. 2015 Jun;69(3):177-80. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2015.69.177-180. Epub 2015 Jun 10.PMID: 26261387 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 15679234124.

[Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Ile de France area during 2001].

Demachy MC, Faibis F, Artigou A, Benoit C, Cambau E, Cecille A, Chachaty E, Chaplain C, Cormier P, Cousinard F, Decotte JC, Demontrond D, Dublanchet A, Dupeyron C, Farges A, Ferre B, Fremaux AP, Galanti MJ, Gallet C, Guiet P, Hacquard B, Hornstein M, Legrand P, Le Manach F, Lucet N, Malbrunot C, Mangeol A, Mathieu D, Otterbein G, Pateyron F, Poilane I, Pollet J, Rabenja T, Spicq C.Med Mal Infect. 2004 Jul;34(7):303-9. French. PMID: 15679234 Similar articlesSelect item 27161634125.

In Vitro Activity of Lefamulin Tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae with Defined Serotypes, Including Multidrug-Resistant Isolates Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in the United States.

Mendes RE, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Talbot GH, Ivezic-Schoenfeld Z, Paukner S, Sader HS.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Jun 20;60(7):4407-11. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00627-16. Print 2016 Jul.PMID: 27161634 Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 29157954126.

Activity of omadacycline tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae from a global surveillance program (2014).

Pfaller MA, Rhomberg PR, Huband MD, Flamm RK.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;90(2):143-147. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.10.010. Epub 2017 Oct 19.PMID: 29157954 Similar articlesSelect item 9538599127.

Susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

Malik AS, Ismail A, Pennie RA, Naidu JV.J Trop Pediatr. 1998 Feb;44(1):10-4. doi: 10.1093/tropej/44.1.10.PMID: 9538599 Similar articlesSelect item 28922566128.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and chronic endobronchial infections in childhood.

Hare KM, Leach AJ, Smith-Vaughan HC, Chang AB, Grimwood K.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017 Dec;52(12):1532-1545. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23828. Epub 2017 Sep 18. Review.PMID: 28922566 Similar articlesSelect item 23564331129.

Nationwide survey of the development of drug-resistant pathogens in the pediatric field in 2007 and 2010: drug sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Japan (second report).

Tajima T, Sato Y, Toyonaga Y, Hanaki H, Sunakawa K.J Infect Chemother. 2013 Jun;19(3):510-6. doi: 10.1007/s10156-013-0593-x. Epub 2013 Apr 7.PMID: 23564331 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 8648528130.

Resisting the urge to prescribe.

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Density of Upper Respiratory Colonization With Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Role in the Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study.

Baggett HC, Watson NL, Deloria Knoll M, Brooks WA, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Howie SRC, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, Madhi SA, Murdoch DR, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Antonio M, Awori JO, Baillie VL, DeLuca AN, Driscoll AJ, Duncan J, Ebruke BE, Goswami D, Higdon MM, Karron RA, Moore DP, Morpeth SC, Mulindwa JM, Park DE, Paveenkittiporn W, Piralam B, Prosperi C, Sow SO, Tapia MD, Zaman K, Zeger SL, O'Brien KL; PERCH Study Group .Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jun 15;64(suppl_3):S317-S327. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix100.PMID: 28575365 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 27316956132.

The blp Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae Plays a Limited Role in the Selection of Strains That Can Cocolonize the Human Nasopharynx.

Valente C, Dawid S, Pinto FR, Hinds J, Simões AS, Gould KA, Mendes LA, de Lencastre H, Sá-Leão R.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016 Aug 15;82(17):5206-15. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01048-16. Print 2016 Sep 1.PMID: 27316956 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 30078238133.

[Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of pneumococcal infections from 9 children's hospitals in 2016].

Fang C, Chen XJ, Zhou MM, Chen YH, Zhao RZ, Deng JK, Jing CM, Xu HM, Yang JH, Chen YP, Zhang H, Zhang T, Cao SC, Deng HL, Wang CQ, Wang AM, Yu H, Wang SF, Lin AW, Wang X, Cao Q.Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Aug 2;56(8):582-586. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2018.08.005. Chinese. PMID: 30078238Similar articles Select item 28545041134.

Effect of early measles vaccine o­n pneumococcal colonization: A randomized trial from Guinea-Bissau.

Hansen NS, Byberg S, Hervig Jacobsen L, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Jensen AKG, Martins C, Aaby P, Skov Jensen J, Stabell Benn C, Whittle H.PLoS o­ne. 2017 May 17;12(5):e0177547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177547. eCollection 2017.PMID: 28545041 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 30253754135.

Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in children with acute otitis media- high risk of persistent colonization after treatment.

Korona-Glowniak I, Zychowski P, Siwiec R, Mazur E, Niedzielska G, Malm A.BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 25;18(1):478. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3398-9.PMID: 30253754 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 12630717136.

Percentage, bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of acute respiratory infection and pneumonia among children in rural Senegal.

Echave P, Bille J, Audet C, Talla I, Vaudaux B, Gehri M.J Trop Pediatr. 2003 Feb;49(1):28-32. doi: 10.1093/tropej/49.1.28.PMID: 12630717 Similar articlesSelect item 8522781137.

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Multistate Outbreak of Respiratory Infections Among Unaccompanied Children, June 2014-July 2014.

Tomczyk S, Arriola CS, Beall B, Benitez A, Benoit SR, Berman L, Bresee J, da Gloria Carvalho M, Cohn A, Cross K, Diaz MH, Francois Watkins LK, Gierke R, Hagan JE, Harris AM, Jain S, Kim L, Kobayashi M, Lindstrom S, McGee L, McMorrow M, Metcalf BL, Moore MR, Moura I, Nix WA, Nyangoma E, Oberste MS, Olsen SJ, Pimenta F, Socias C, Thurman K, Waller J, Waterman SH, Westercamp M, Wharton M, Whitney CG, Winchell JM, Wolff B, Kim C.Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Jul 1;63(1):48-56. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw147. Epub 2016 Mar 21.PMID: 27001799 Similar articlesSelect item 28742023139.

Genome-wide identification of lineage and locus specific variation associated with pneumococcal carriage duration.

Lees JA, Croucher NJ, Goldblatt D, Nosten F, Parkhill J, Turner C, Turner P, Bentley SD.Elife. 2017 Jul 25;6. pii: e26255. doi: 10.7554/eLife.26255.PMID: 28742023 Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 24080503140.

Genomic identification of a novel co-trimoxazole resistance genotype and its prevalence amongst Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawi.

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Ten years of surveillance for invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae during the era of antiretroviral scale-up and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Malawi.

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Hospital-related outbreak of infection with multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Netherlands.

de Galan BE, van Tilburg PM, Sluijter M, Mol SJ, de Groot R, Hermans PW, Jansz AR.J Hosp Infect. 1999 Jul;42(3):185-92.PMID: 10439990 Similar articlesSelect item 16620000143.

Impact of antibiotic administrative restrictions o­n trends in antibiotic resistance.

Marshall DA, McGeer A, Gough J, Grootendorst P, Buitendyk M, Simonyi S, Green K, Jaszewski B, MacLeod SM, Low DE.Can J Public Health. 2006 Mar-Apr;97(2):126-31.PMID: 16620000 Similar articlesSelect item 29764945144.

A Mechanism of Unidirectional Transformation, Leading to Antibiotic Resistance, Occurs within Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Biofilm Consortia.

Lattar SM, Wu X, Brophy J, Sakai F, Klugman KP, Vidal JE.MBio. 2018 May 15;9(3). pii: e00561-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00561-18.PMID: 29764945 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 29634626145.

Epidemiology of Otitis Media With Otorrhea Among Bangladeshi Children: Baseline Study for Future Assessment of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact.

Naziat H, Saha S, Islam M, Saha S, Uddin MJ, Hussain M, Luby SP, Darmstadt GL, Whitney CG, Gessner BD, Saha SK.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018 Jul;37(7):715-721. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002077.PMID: 29634626 Similar articles Select item 28722638146.

Antibiotic Resistance in Young Children in Kilosa District, Tanzania 4 Years after Mass Distribution of Azithromycin for Trachoma Control.

Bloch EM, West SK, Mabula K, Weaver J, Mrango Z, Munoz B, Lietman T, Coles C.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Sep;97(3):815-818. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0022. Epub 2017 Jul 19. PMID: 28722638 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 24682147.

Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin.

Champion LA, Wald ER, Luddy RE, Schwartz AD.J Pediatr. 1978 Mar;92(3):505-6. No abstract avai lable. PMID: 24682 Similar articlesSelect item 27493063148.

Inflammation-associated cytokine analysis identifies presence of respiratory bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx.

Pichichero ME, Almudevar A.Pathog Dis. 2016 Aug;74(6). pii: ftw064. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw064. Epub 2016 Aug 4.PMID: 27493063 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 28566489149.

An evolutionary model to predict the frequency of antibiotic resistance under seasonal antibiotic use, and an application to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Blanquart F, Lehtinen S, Fraser C.Proc Biol Sci. 2017 May 31;284(1855). pii: 20170679. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0679.PMID: 28566489 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 11160543150.

Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants.

Coles CL, Rahmathullah L, Kanungo R, Thulasiraj RD, Katz J, Santhosham M, Tielsch JM.J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):255-61.PMID: 11160543 Similar articlesSelect item 27187498151.

Current problems associated with the microbiological point-of-care testing of respiratory tract infections in primary care.

Kaman WE, Elshout G, Bindels PJ, Mitsakakis K, Hays JP.Future Microbiol. 2016 May;11:607-10. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2015-0020. No abstract available. PMID: 27187498 Free Article Similar articles Select item 30107993152.

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of monovalent PCVs containing 22F and 33F polysaccharides in mouse models of colonization and co-infection.

Khan MN, Pryharski K, Pichichero ME.Vaccine. 2018 Sep 11;36(38):5701-5708. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.017. Epub 2018 Aug 11.PMID: 30107993 Similar articlesSelect item 28489454153.

Acquisition and Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Facilitated during Rhinovirus Infection in Families with Children.

Karppinen S, Teräsjärvi J, Auranen K, Schuez-Havupalo L, Siira L, He Q, Waris M, Peltola V.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Nov 1;196(9):1172-1180. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201702-0357OC.PMID: 28489454 Similar articlesSelect item 19166124154.

Pneumococcal osteomyelitis: report of o­ne case.

Huang WL, Wuz TM, Yu CK, Cheng YL, Lien C.Pediatr Neonatol. 2008 Dec;49(6):248-53.PMID: 19166124 Free Article Similar articles Select item 28399056155.

The Nasopharyngeal Microbiota of Children With Respiratory Infections in Botswana.

Kelly MS, Surette MG, Smieja M, Pernica JM, Rossi L, Luinstra K, Steenhoff AP, Feemster KA, Goldfarb DM, Arscott-Mills T, Boiditswe S, Rulaganyang I, Muthoga C, Gaofiwe L, Mazhani T, Rawls JF, Cunningham CK, Shah SS, Seed PC.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Sep;36(9):e211-e218. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001607.PMID: 28399056 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 6966684156.

Effect of upper respiratory tract infection o­n eustachian tube ventilatory function in the preschool child.

Sanyal MA, Henderson FW, Stempel EC, Collier AM, Denny FW.J Pediatr. 1980 Jul;97(1):11-5.PMID: 6966684 Similar articlesSelect item 28195384157.

Air pollution alters Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms, antibiotic tolerance and colonisation.

Hussey SJK, Purves J, Allcock N, Fernandes VE, Monks PS, Ketley JM, Andrew PW, Morrissey JA.Environ Microbiol. 2017 May;19(5):1868-1880. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13686. Epub 2017 Feb 28.PMID: 28195384 Similar articlesSelect item 28540858158.

Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary tract infection in pedeatrics.

Pougnet R, Sapin J, De Parscau L, Pougnet L.Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2017 Jun 1;75(3):348-350. doi: 10.1684/abc.2017.1241.PMID: 28540858 Similar articles Select item 11810605159.

The continuing challenge of lower respiratory tract infections.

Moellering RC Jr.Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;34 Suppl 1:S1-3.PMID: 11810605 Similar articles Select item 11582922160.

[Mortality due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children. A 5-year retrospective study in Ile-de-France].

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Rotavirus in nasopharyngeal secretions of children with upper respiratory tract infections.

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