Thiếu máu có thể do nhiều nguyên nhân khác nhau, có thể các nguyên nhân đó gây nên tình trạng thiếu máu đơn thuần hoặc nhiều nguyên nhân cùng đồng thời dẫn đến thiếu máu trên bệnh nhân đó. Nguyên nhân có thể do thiếu máu suy dưỡng, thiếu máu thiếu sắt, thiếu máu giun móc hay các loại ký sinh trùng khác, thiếu máu do mất máu, rối loạn cơ chế sinh máu, cơ chế miễn dịch, bất thường thiếu máu bẩm sinh.

Đặc biệt, thiếu máu do nhiễm ký sinh trùng sốt rét đến nay vẫn còn nhiều điều tranh luận liên quan đến cơ chế bệnh sinh, sịnh lý bệnh, miễn dịch học và tương tác qua lại giữa hồng cầu với ký sinh trùng, giữa hồng cầu nhiễm với hồng cầu chưa nhiễm, giữa ký sinh trùng-hồng cầu và thành mạch cũng rất phức tạp. Từ gần 100 năm qua, các nhà khoa học đã tập trung nghiên cứu về vấn đề này, tuy nhiên vẫn chưa thể thấu hiểu trọn vẹn. Do vậy, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ các nghiên cứu liên quan đến sốt rét và thiếu máu đến các đồng nghiệp. Đặc biệt, các bạn học viên cao học và nghiên cứu sinh có thểm tham khảo như một thư viện điện tử với các ấn phẩm có giá trị và chất lượng cao.

Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia.

Haldar K, Mohandas N.

Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:87-93. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.87. Review.

PMID: 20008186 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 187259232.

Host control of malaria infections: constraints o­n immune and erythropoeitic response kinetics.

McQueen PG, McKenzie FE.

PLoS Comput Biol. 2008 Aug 22;4(8):e1000149. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000149.

PMID: 18725923 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 107226283.

Hình 1

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor release by macrophages after ingestion of Plasmodium chabaudi-infected erythrocytes: possible role in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia.

Martiney JA, Sherry B, Metz CN, Espinoza M, Ferrer AS, Calandra T, Broxmeyer HE, Bucala R.

Infect Immun. 2000 Apr;68(4):2259-67.

PMID: 10722628 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 91828944.

Premature removal of uninfected erythrocytes during malarial infection of normal and immunodeficient mice.

Salmon MG, De Souza JB, Butcher GA, Playfair JH.

Clin Exp Immunol. 1997 Jun;108(3):471-6.

PMID: 9182894Free PMC ArticleSimilar articles Select item 256047925.

Hình 2

Malaria induces anemia through CD8+ T cell-dependent parasite clearance and erythrocyte removal in the spleen.

Safeukui I, Gomez ND, Adelani AA, Burte F, Afolabi NK, Akondy R, Velazquez P, Holder A, Tewari R, Buffet P, Brown BJ, Shokunbi WA, Olaleye D, Sodeinde O, Kazura J, Ahmed R, Mohandas N, Fernandez-Reyes D, Haldar K.

MBio. 2015 Jan 20;6(1). pii: e02493-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02493-14.

PMID: 25604792 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 239223786.

Plasmodium products contribute to severe malarial anemia by inhibiting erythropoietin-induced proliferation of erythroid precursors.

Thawani N, Tam M, Bellemare MJ, Bohle DS, Olivier M, de Souza JB, Stevenson MM.

J Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 1;209(1):140-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit417. Epub 2013 Aug 6.

PMID: 23922378 Similar articlesSelect item 282318177.

Malaria parasite clearance.

White NJ.

Malar J. 2017 Feb 23;16(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017-1731-1. Review. Erratum in: Malar J. 2017 May 10;16(1):194.

PMID: 28231817 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 196952138.

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Mechanisms of malarial anaemia: potential involvement of the Plasmodium falciparum low molecular weight rhoptry-associated proteins.

Awah NW, Troye-Blomberg M, Berzins K, Gysin J.

Acta Trop. 2009 Dec;112(3):295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.08.017. Epub 2009 Aug 18.

PMID: 19695213 Similar articlesSelect item 167720039.

Stronger host response per parasitized erythrocyte in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Hemmer CJ, Holst FG, Kern P, Chiwakata CB, Dietrich M, Reisinger EC.

Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Jun;11(6):817-23.

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Preferential invasion of reticulocytes during late-stage Plasmodium berghei infection accounts for reduced circulating reticulocyte levels.

Cromer D, Evans KJ, Schofield L, Davenport MP.

Int J Parasitol. 2006 Nov;36(13):1389-97. Epub 2006 Sep 1.

PMID: 16979643 Similar articlesSelect item 142613611.

Hình 4

Plasmodium chabaudi AS: erythropoietic responses during infection in resistant and susceptible mice.

Yap GS, Stevenson MM.

Exp Parasitol. 1992 Nov;75(3):340-52.

PMID: 1426136 Similar articles Select item 2315905912.

Lipocalin 2 bolsters innate and adaptive immune responses to blood-stage malaria infection by reinforcing host iron metabolism.

Zhao H, Konishi A, Fujita Y, Yagi M, Ohata K, Aoshi T, Itagaki S, Sato S, Narita H, Abdelgelil NH, Inoue M, Culleton R, Kaneko O, Nakagawa A, Horii T, Akira S, Ishii KJ, Coban C.

Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Nov 15;12(5):705-16. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.10.010.

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Transgenic mice expressing human fetal globin are protected from malaria by a novel mechanism.

Shear HL, Grinberg L, Gilman J, Fabry ME, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Goldberg DE, Nagel RL.

Blood. 1998 Oct 1;92(7):2520-6.

PMID: 9746793 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1532473514.

Why do we need to know more about mixed Plasmodium species infections in humans?

Zimmerman PA, Mehlotra RK, Kasehagen LJ, Kazura JW.

Trends Parasitol. 2004 Sep;20(9):440-7. Review.

PMID: 15324735 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2298649315.

The cellular and molecular basis for malaria parasite invasion of the human red blood cell.

Cowman AF, Berry D, Baum J.

J Cell Biol. 2012 Sep 17;198(6):961-71. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201206112. Review.

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Quantitative analysis of immune response and erythropoiesis during rodent malarial infection.

Miller MR, Råberg L, Read AF, Savill NJ.

PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Sep 30;6(9). pii: e1000946. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000946.

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The severity of malarial anaemia in Plasmodium chabaudi infections of BALB/c mice is determined independently of the number of circulating parasites.

Lamb TJ, Langhorne J.

Malar J. 2008 Apr 25;7:68. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-68.

PMID: 18439291 Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 2085212718.

The pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans: insights from splenic physiology.

Buffet PA, Safeukui I, Deplaine G, Brousse V, Prendki V, Thellier M, Turner GD, Mercereau-Puijalon O.

Blood. 2011 Jan 13;117(2):381-92. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-202911. Epub 2010 Sep 17. Review.

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Malaria pathogenesis.

Miller LH, Good MF, Milon G.

Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1878-83. Review.

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Hình 6

Evidencing the Role of Erythrocytic Apoptosis in Malarial Anemia.

Totino PR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MF.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016 Dec 9;6:176. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00176. eCollection 2016. Review.

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Erythroferrone contributes to hepcidin repression in a mouse model of malarial anemia.

Latour C, Wlodarczyk MF, Jung G, Gineste A, Blanchard N, Ganz T, Roth MP, Coppin H, Kautz L.

Haematologica. 2017 Jan;102(1):60-68. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2016.150227. Epub 2016 Sep 22.

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Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis.

Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, o­ng'echa JM.

Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7(9):1427-42. Epub 2011 Nov 2. Review.

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Hình 7

Parasite ligand-host receptor interactions during invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium merozoites.

Gaur D, Mayer DC, Miller LH.

Int J Parasitol. 2004 Dec;34(13-14):1413-29. Review.

PMID: 15582519 Similar articlesSelect item 1662222224.

Murine malaria infection induces fetal loss associated with accumulation of Plasmodium chabaudi AS-infected erythrocytes in the placenta.

Poovassery J, Moore JM.

Infect Immun. 2006 May;74(5):2839-48.

PMID: 16622222 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1604653125.

Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry protein RSP2 triggers destruction of the erythroid lineage.

Layez C, Nogueira P, Combes V, Costa FT, Juhan-Vague I, da Silva LH, Gysin J.

Blood. 2005 Nov 15;106(10):3632-8. Epub 2005 Jul 26.

PMID: 16046531 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1290157226.

Hình 8

Exoerythrocytic malaria vaccine development: understanding host-parasite immunobiology underscores strategic success.

Taylor-Robinson AW.

Expert Rev Vaccines. 2002 Oct;1(3):317-40. Review.

PMID: 12901572 Similar articlesSelect item 2067443527.

Red cell membrane and malaria.

An X, Mohandas N.

Transfus Clin Biol. 2010 Sep;17(3):197-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2010.06.009. Epub 2010 Jul 31.

PMID: 20674435 Similar articlesSelect item 1916808028.

Hình 9

Low red cell production may protect against severe anemia during a malaria infection--insights from modeling.

Cromer D, Stark J, Davenport MP.

J Theor Biol. 2009 Apr 21;257(4):533-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.12.019. Epub 2008 Dec 31.

PMID: 19168080 Similar articlesSelect item 1279808129.

Erythrocyte polymorphisms and malaria parasite invasion in Papua New Guinea.

Zimmerman PA, Patel SS, Maier AG, Bockarie MJ, Kazura JW.

Trends Parasitol. 2003 Jun;19(6):250-2. Review.

PMID: 12798081 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1897213330.

Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production.

Ouma C, Davenport GC, Were T, Otieno MF, Hittner JB, Vulule JM, Martinson J, o­ng'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ.

Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;124(5):515-24. doi: 10.1007/s00439-008-0578-5. Epub 2008 Oct 30.

PMID: 18972133 Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 1496548531.

The anemia of malaria infection: role of inflammatory cytokines.

McDevitt MA, Xie J, Gordeuk V, Bucala R.

Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Mar;3(2):97-106. Review.

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Hình 10

Getting down to malarial nuts and bolts: the interaction between Plasmodium vivax merozoites and their host erythrocytes.

Rayner J.

Mol Microbiol. 2005 Mar;55(5):1297-9.

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Invasion of erythrocytes by malaria parasites: a cellular and molecular overview.

Hadley TJ.

Annu Rev Microbiol. 1986;40:451-77. Review.

PMID: 3535649 Similar articlesSelect item 1205864034.

Mouse models of blood-stage malaria infections: immune responses and cytokines involved in protection and pathology.

Langhorne J, Quin SJ, Sanni LA.

Chem Immunol. 2002;80:204-28. Review. No abstract available.

PMID: 12058640 Similar articlesSelect item 1663613335.

Hình 11

A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia.

McDevitt MA, Xie J, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S, Griffith J, Liu A, McDonald C, Thuma P, Gordeuk VR, Metz CN, Mitchell R, Keefer J, David J, Leng L, Bucala R.

J Exp Med. 2006 May 15;203(5):1185-96. Epub 2006 Apr 24. Erratum in: J Exp Med. 2015 May 4;212(5):825. Shanmugasundaram, Ganapathy [Corrected to Ganapathy-Kanniappan, Shanmugasundaram].

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The mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

Farrow RE, Green J, Katsimitsoulia Z, Taylor WR, Holder AA, Molloy JE.

Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011 Dec;22(9):953-60. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.022. Epub 2011 Oct 5. Review.

PMID: 22001249 Similar articlesSelect item 286751537.

Hình 12

Membrane structure and function of malaria parasites and the infected erythrocyte.

Sherman IW.

Parasitology. 1985 Dec;91 ( Pt 3):609-45. Review. No abstract available.

PMID: 2867515 Similar articlesSelect item 2879990838.

The Molecular Basis of Erythrocyte Invasion by Malaria Parasites.

Cowman AF, Tonkin CJ, Tham WH, Duraisingh MT.

Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Aug 9;22(2):232-245. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.003. Review.

PMID: 28799908 Free Article Similar articles Select item 460991239.

Erythropoietin production in virulent malaria.

Rencricca NJ, Stout JP, Coleman RM.

Infect Immun. 1974 Oct;10(4):831-3.

PMID: 4609912 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1222457340.

Anemia in parasite- and recombinant protein-immunized aotus monkeys infected with Plasmodium falciparum.

Jones TR, Stroncek DF, Gozalo AS, Obaldia N 3rd, Andersen EM, Lucas C, Narum DL, Magill AJ, Sim BK, Hoffman SL.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Jun;66(6):672-9.

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Microbiology. Quantifying malaria dynamics within the host.

Day KP, Fowkes FJ.

Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):943-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210775. No abstract available.

PMID: 21852478 Similar articlesSelect item 1645327042.

Immunization of Aotus monkeys with recombinant cysteine-rich interdomain region 1 alpha protects against severe disease during Plasmodium falciparum reinfection.

Makobongo MO, Keegan B, Long CA, Miller LH.

J Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 1;193(5):731-40. Epub 2006 Jan 30.

PMID: 16453270 Similar articlesSelect item 1716026143.

Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and the infected placenta: a two-way pathway.

Costa FT, Avril M, Nogueira PA, Gysin J.

Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Dec;39(12):1525-36. Review.

PMID: 17160261 Free Article Similar articlesSelect item 214614144.

Changes in hemopoietic and regulator levels in mice during fatal or nonfatal malarial infections. I. Erythropoietic populations.

Villeval JL, Lew A, Metcalf D.

Exp Parasitol. 1990 Nov;71(4):364-74.

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Increased susceptibility of blood type O individuals to develop anemia in Plasmodium vivax infection.

Resende SS, Milagres VG, Chaves DG, Fontes CJF, Carvalho LH, Sousa TN, Brito CFA.

Infect Genet Evol. 2017 Jun;50:87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.001. Epub 2017 Mar 6.

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Invasion of erythroblasts by Pasmodium vivax: A new mechanism contributing to malarial anemia.

Ru YX, Mao BY, Zhang FK, Pang TX, Zhao SX, Liu JH, Wickramasinghe SN.

Ultrastruct Pathol. 2009 Oct;33(5):236-42. doi: 10.3109/01913120903251643.

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[Proteins involved in invasion of human red blood cells by malaria parasites].

Jaśkiewicz E, Graczyk J, Rydzak J.

Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2010 Nov 30;64:617-26. Review. Polish.

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Bone marrow suppression and severe anaemia associated with persistent Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children with microscopically undetectable parasitaemia.

Helleberg M, Goka BQ, Akanmori BD, Obeng-Adjei G, Rodriques O, Kurtzhals JA.

Malar J. 2005 Dec 1;4:56.

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Malaria blood-stage infection and its control by the immune system.

Perlmann P, Troye-Blomberg M.

Folia Biol (Praha). 2000;46(6):210-8. Review.

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Cytokine balance in human malaria: does Plasmodium vivax elicit more inflammatory responses than Plasmodium falciparum?

Gonçalves RM, Scopel KK, Bastos MS, Ferreira MU.

PLoS o­ne. 2012;7(9):e44394. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044394. Epub 2012 Sep 4.

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Hình 13

Quantifying the removal of red blood cells in Macaca mulatta during a Plasmodium coatneyi infection.

Fonseca LL, Alezi HS, Moreno A, Barnwell JW, Galinski MR, Voit EO.

Malar J. 2016 Aug 12;15(1):410. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1465-5.

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Uninfected erythrocytes form "rosettes" around Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes.

Handunnetti SM, David PH, Perera KL, Mendis KN.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Feb;40(2):115-8.

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Erythrocyte remodeling by malaria parasites.

Haldar K, Mohandas N.

Curr Opin Hematol. 2007 May;14(3):203-9. Review.

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Hình 14

Suppression of erythropoiesis in malarial anemia is associated with hemozoin in vitro and in vivo.

Casals-Pascual C, Kai O, Cheung JO, Williams S, Lowe B, Nyanoti M, Williams TN, Maitland K, Molyneux M, Newton CR, Peshu N, Watt SM, Roberts DJ.

Blood. 2006 Oct 15;108(8):2569-77. Epub 2006 Jun 27.

PMID: 16804108 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1222537655.

Immunity to asexual blood stage malaria and vaccine approaches.

Wipasa J, Elliott S, Xu H, Good MF.

Immunol Cell Biol. 2002 Oct;80(5):401-14. Review.

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The association between malaria parasitaemia, erythrocyte polymorphisms, malnutrition and anaemia in children less than 10 years in Senegal: a case control study.

Tine RC, Ndiaye M, Hansson HH, Ndour CT, Faye B, Alifrangis M, Sylla K, Ndiaye JL, Magnussen P, Bygbjerg IC, Gaye O.

BMC Res Notes. 2012 Oct 11;5:565. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-565.

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Hình 15

Malarial anaemia: mechanisms and implications of insufficient erythropoiesis during blood-stage malaria.

Chang KH, Stevenson MM.

Int J Parasitol. 2004 Dec;34(13-14):1501-16. Review.

PMID: 15582527 Similar articles Select item 2748838258.

Anti-erythrocyte antibodies may contribute to anaemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria by decreasing red blood cell deformability and increasing erythrophagocytosis.

Mourão LC, Roma PM, Sultane Aboobacar Jda S, Medeiros CM, de Almeida ZB, Fontes CJ, Agero U, de Mesquita o­n, Bemquerer MP, Braga ÉM.

Malar J. 2016 Aug 4;15(1):397. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1449-5.

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Detection of malarial DNA in blood donors--evidence of persistent infection.

Kitchen AD, Chiodini PL, Tossell J.

Vox Sang. 2014 Aug;107(2):123-31. doi: 10.1111/vox.12142. Epub 2014 Mar 21.

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T he Rheopathobiology of Plasmodium vivax and Other Important Primate Malaria Parasites.

Russell BM, Cooke BM.

Trends Parasitol. 2017 Apr;33(4):321-334. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.009. Epub 2016 Dec 29. Review.

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Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen expression varies between isolates causing severe and nonsevere malaria and is modified by acquired immunity.

Nielsen MA, Staalsoe T, Kurtzhals JA, Goka BQ, Dodoo D, Alifrangis M, Theander TG, Akanmori BD, Hviid L.

J Immunol. 2002 Apr 1;168(7):3444-50.

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Cause of anaemia in malaria.

Woodruff AW, Ansdell VE, Pettitt LE.

Lancet. 1979 May 19;1(8125):1055-7.

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Haemobartonellosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): antagonism between Haemobartonella sp. and experimental Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Contamin H, Michel JC.

Exp Parasitol. 1999 Apr;91(4):297-305.

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Hình 17

Lineage-specific expansion of proteins exported to erythrocytes in malaria parasites.

Sargeant TJ, Marti M, Caler E, Carlton JM, Simpson K, Speed TP, Cowman AF.

Genome Biol. 2006;7(2):R12. Epub 2006 Feb 20.

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Comparative study between non lethal and lethal strains of Plasmodium yoelii with reference to its immunological aspect.

Bakir HY, Sayed FG, Rahman SA, Hamza AI, Mahmoud AE, Galal LA, Attia RA.

J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2009 Aug;39(2):585-93.

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Signatures of malaria-associated pathology revealed by high-resolution whole-blood transcriptomics in a rodent model of malaria.

Lin JW, Sodenkamp J, Cunningham D, Deroost K, Tshitenge TC, McLaughlin S, Lamb TJ, Spencer-Dene B, Hosking C, Ramesar J, Janse CJ, Graham C, O'Garra A, Langhorne J.

Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 3;7:41722. doi: 10.1038/srep41722.

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Hình 18

Plasmodium falciparum malaria skews globin gene expression balance in in-vitro haematopoietic stem cell culture system: Its implications in malaria associated anemia.

Pathak V, Colah R, Ghosh K.

Exp Parasitol. 2018 Feb;185:29-38. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.003. Epub 2018 Jan 5.

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Mathematical modelling of the within-host dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum.

Hoshen MB, Heinrich R, Stein WD, Ginsburg H.

Parasitology. 2000 Sep;121 ( Pt 3):227-35.

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Association of FCgamma receptor IIA (CD32) polymorphism with malarial anemia and high-density parasitemia in infants and young children.

Ouma C, Keller CC, Opondo DA, Were T, Otieno RO, Otieno MF, Orago AS, o­ng'Echa JM, Vulule JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Apr;74(4):573-7.

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Sequential Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei infections provide a novel model of severe malarial anemia.

Harris JV, Bohr TM, Stracener C, Landmesser ME, Torres V, Mbugua A, Moratz C, Stoute JA.

Infect Immun. 2012 Sep;80(9):2997-3007. doi: 10.1128/IAI.06185-11. Epub 2012 Jun 11.

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Genetic analysis of circulating and sequestered populations of Plasmodium falciparum in fatal pediatric malaria.

Montgomery J, Milner DA Jr, Tse MT, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Dzamalala CP, Taylor TE, Rogerson SJ, Craig AG, Molyneux ME.

J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;194(1):115-22. Epub 2006 May 31.

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Onset of hepatic erythropoiesis after malarial infection in mice.

Halder RC, Abe T, Mannoor MK, Morshed SR, Ariyasinghe A, Watanabe H, Kawamura H, Sekikawa H, Hamada H, Nishiyama Y, Ishikawa H, Toba K, Abo T.

Parasitol Int. 2003 Dec;52(4):259-68.

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Immunity to erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites.

Long CA, Daly TM, Kima P, Srivastava I.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(4 Suppl):27-32. Review.

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Malaria: mechanisms of erythrocytic infection and pathological correlates of severe disease.

Haldar K, Murphy SC, Milner DA, Taylor TE.

Annu Rev Pathol. 2007;2:217-49. Review.

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Absence of erythrocyte sequestration and lack of multicopy gene family expression in Plasmodium falciparum from a splenectomized malaria patient.

Bachmann A, Esser C, Petter M, Predehl S, von Kalckreuth V, Schmiedel S, Bruchhaus I, Tannich E.

PLoS o­ne. 2009 Oct 14;4(10):e7459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007459.

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Role of the Plasmodium falciparum mature-parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA/PfEMP-2) in malarial infection of erythrocytes.

Magowan C, Coppel RL, Lau AO, Moronne MM, Tchernia G, Mohandas N.

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