Sweet-smelling secrets of mosquito-repellent grass
By Jonathan WebbScience reporter, BBC News, Boston
US scientists have identified the chemicals responsible for the mosquito-repelling activity of sweetgrass, a plant traditionally used by some Native Americans to fend off the bugs.
Indigenous tribes of Montana and Alberta wore braids of the grass and hung it in their homes
In laboratory tests, two sweetgrass compounds drove mosquitoes away from tantalising fake blood samples, just as well as the widely-used repellent Deet. Further tests are needed to see how long the effects last. The researchers say folk remedies are a rich source of possible new repellents.
"This is the fourth plant that we've investigated in this manner," said Charles Cantrell, a research chemist who works for the US Department of Agriculture. "The neat thing about this one is that it produces a compound, coumarin, which has a great odour and was known... to have some repelling properties. And it's very safe."
Dr Cantrell was speaking in Boston at the 250th national meeting of the American Chemical Society. "There's an interesting story about coumarin," he told journalists at the conference. "Back in the 90s, Avon 'Skin So Soft' had a product that people discovered actually worked well as an insect repellent. It wasn't marketed as an insect repellent, but the effectiveness was well-known among consumers. "Scientists did an investigation and one of the constituents in Skin So Soft was coumarin - which we've now isolated from sweetgrass." Despite this, coumarin is not currently registered or marketed as a repellent, Dr Cantrell said. The second key ingredient he and his colleagues identified in sweetgrass was phytol, a common constituent in essential oils from plants. Phytol, similarly, is known to repel insects but is not currently marketed for that purpose.
Splat count
Dr Cantrell's team isolated these chemicals from the grass by passing steam through it, separating the oily and volatile compounds and then further purifying them into 12 fractions. Those 12 samples were presented to mosquitoes in a special test. "The bioassay is designed to mimic human skin," Dr Cantrell explained. "You put a blood mimic in a little well and cover it with a membrane." That membrane is then perfumed with the chemical to be tested, and the researchers simply count the bites. "We'll have five mosquitoes per little chamber. You can watch them bite the membrane, but for final confirmation... you squash them, to see which ones contain the red dye."