Phần 2: Cập nhật các nghiên cứu chuyên sâu về bệnh withmore hay melioidosis
Chúng ta hiện đang sông trong bối cảnh giao thoa giữa con người-mầm bệnh-động vật và môi trường xung quanh, do vậy có thể một ai đó không biết nếu mầm bệnh có thể tấn công bất cữ lúc nào và gây nên bệnh Melioidosis. Trung tâm CDC và các cơ quan đại diện liên bang khác đang quan tâm đến các cuộc tấn công sinh học (biological attacks), bao gồm cả sử dụng mầm bệnh gây nên Melioidosis. Tại sao mầm bệnh gây Melioidosis có thể coi như một vũ khí sinh học? Nếu một người hay một nhóm người muốn sử dụng các mầm bệnh như một vũ khí, họ có thể dùng các mầm bệnh mà có thể gây nên bệnh Melioidosis vì chúng có thể dễ dàng tìm thấy trong tự nhiên ở một số vùng trên thé giới, hơn nữa chúng dễ dàng gây bệnh nhiễm trùng nghiêm trọng, nếu không can thiệp điều trị kháng sinh sớm, bệnh nhân có thể tử vong.Bệnh Melioidosis có thể là một bệnh rất nghiêm trọng, tác nhân gây bệnh có thể kháng tự nhiên với nhiều loại kháng sinh nên sẽ gây khó cho vấn đề lựa chọn điều trị cho bệnh nhân. Do vậy cỉ có một kháng sính có hiệu quả. Nếu không điều trị có thể 90% dẫn đế n tử vong, ngược lại nếu điều trị kháng sinh thích hợp chỉ có 40% tử vong. Điều trị cần có sự chăm sóc tích cực để giảm tử vong đến mức thấp nhất và nếu có thể cứu lấy 90% số ca. Cần lưu ý, một số trường hợp có bệnh lý nền như đái tháo đường, bệnh phổi mạn tính, nghiện rượu, bệnh thận mạn và các bệnh lý liên quan hệ thống miễn dịch có thể dẫn đến bệnh nặng nền hơn rất nhiều. Các bệnh nhân mắc Melioidosis cần phải nhập viện điều trị, khi đã hồi phục thì mới trở về nhà, sau khi về nhà có thể còn phải dùng đến kháng sinh trong nhiều tháng nữa. Điều tị kéo dài với mục đích làm cho kháng sinh giết chết các mầm bệnh trong cơ thể người và ngăn ngừa bệnh tái phát. Đôi khi trong thực hành lâm sàng, bệnh có thể rất khó chẩn đoán và dễ bỏ sót. Các triệu chưng của bệnh thường giống với một số bệnh nhiễm trùng thông thường như viêm phổi mắc phải bệnh viện, cúm, hay lao. Chỉ có một vài người được chẩn đoán nhiễm Melioidosis mỗi năm tại Mỹ, đối tượng đó mắc bệnh thường phơi nhiễm mầm bệnh do quá trình họ đi du lịch đến một quốc gia nào đó mắc từ nguồn tự nhiên. Vì có một vài người ơt Mỹ mắc bệnh mà hầu hết các bác sỹ không nghĩ cũng như không làm quen với bệnh nên có thể làm chậm tiến độ chẩn đoán và điều trị. Tấn công sinh học tiết ra các mầm bệnh trong đó có bệnh Melioidosis có mặt trong không khí, nước và thực phẩm nên sẽ có nguy cơ nhiều đối tượng nhiễm bệnh. Chẳng hạn, nếu các mầm bệnh đào thải vào trong không khí, đặc biệt những nơi đông đúc và nhiều người có thể hít phải mầm bệnh. Nếu mầm bệnh trong thức ăn, con người ăn phải các thực phẩm nhiễm cũng có thể nhiễm bệnh. Bất cứ một người nào phơi nhiễm với mầm bệnh thì đều nguy hiểm và dễ nhiễm bệnh. Bạn có thể không nhìn thấy, không biết mùi hay vị của mầm bệnh, vì thế đối tượng không biết dể tránh xa. Tấn công của mầm bệnh không được lưu ý mãi cho đến khi các bác sỹ gặp bệnh nhân có sốt và biểu hiện các triệu chứng hô hấp. Một khi các bác sỹ chẩn đoán bệnh nhân mắc melioidosis, họ sẽ làm việc với các cơ quan chức năng y tế để xem xét làm thế nào bệnh nhân mắc mầm bệnh này. Melioidosis là bệnh lý nhiễm trùng xảy ra tự nhiễn ở một số nơi một cách tự nhiên trên toàn cầu như Đông Nam Á và phía bắc Úc. Chỉ những nơi có mầm bệnh Burkholderia pseudomallei xảy ra trong tự nhiên ở Mỹ là Puerto Rico. Thường người Mỹ (ngoài Puerto Rico) mắc bệnh đã cso tiến sử du lịch và phơi nhiễm mầm bệnh ở các vùng trong tự nhiên. Một trong những lý do mà các cơ quan chức năng quan tâm đến bệnh này vì chung có trong tự nhiên dễ phơi nhiễm và gây bệnh Melioidosis có thể sử dụng như tấn công sinh học. Các tấn công sinh học do ly giải mầm bệnh có thể gây bệnh hoặc dẫn đến tử vong cho con người, gia súc và vụ mùa. 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