Bệnh ký sinh trùng sán nhái (Sparganosis) là nhiễm sán loại Diphyllobothrium hay ấu trùng plerocercoid larvae của giống Spirometra gồm có các loài như S. mansoni, S. ranarum, S. mansonoides và S. erinacei. Lần đầu tiên được mô tả ở Trung Quốc bởi Patrick Manson vào năm 1882 và ca bệnh đầu tiên ở người được báo cáo bởi tác giả Charles Wardell Stiles từ Florida, Mỹ vào năm 1908.

Nhiễm trùng lây truyền do ăn uống nguồn nước ô nhiễm mầm bệnh, tiêu thụ các vật chủ trung gian như ếch hay rắn hoặc phơi nhiễm giữa vật chủ trung gian thứ hai với niêm mạc nhầy hoặc vết thương hở. Con người là vật chủ tình cờ trong chu kỳ sinh trưởng và sinh học, trong khi đó chó, mèo và các động vật có vú là các vật chủ xác định. Các động vật thuộc bộ chân kiếm (copepods) hay các loài nhuyễn thể sống trong nước ngọt là các vật chủ trung gian đầu tiên và các loài động vật lưỡng cư khác (amphibian) và giáp xác (reptile) là các vật chủ trung gian thứ hai.

Một khi con người nhiễm, ấu trùng kết nang vô tính (plerocercoid larvae) di chuyển trong vị trí dưới da, ở đó chúng thường phát triển thành các nốt cục đau. Sự di chuyển của ấu trùng vào trong não dẫn đến bệnh sán nhái ở não (cerebral sparganosis), nếu di chuyển đến mắt dẫn đến bệnh sán nhái ở mắt (ocular sparganosis). Bệnh sán nhái lưu hành nhiều nhất ở Đông Á, mặc dù số ca đã được mô tả tại các quốc gia trên khắp thế giới, khoảng 300 ca được mô tả trên y văn đến cuối năm 2003 và hiện nay nhiều nước đã tổng hợp trong 15 năm qua con số cũng lên đến gần 1000 ca đến năm 2018. Chẩn đoán thường không đặt ra mãi đến khi ấu trùng sán nhái (sparganum larva) được phẩu tích lấy ra xác định. Praziquantel là thuốc được lựa chọn để điều trị sán nhái, mặc dù hiệu quả của thuốc vẫn chưa biết đầy đủ và phẩu thuật loại bỏ sán ra khỏi tổn thương nhìn chung là phương pháp điều trị tốt nhất. Các can thiệp y tế công cộng nên tập trung vào vệ sinh nguồn nước và thực phẩm, cũng như giáo dục sức khỏe về về bệnh tại các vùng nông thôn thường sử dụng nhái làm thuốc đắp (poultices).

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84.Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Vietnam: An update Korean Journal of Parasitology 2013 | journal-article, DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.621,EID: 2-s2.0-84893245369

85.Natural hybridization between Paragonimus bangkokensis and Paragonimus harinasutai Parasitology International 2013 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.01.005

86.Molecular variation in the paragonimus heterotremus complex in Thailand and Myanmar Korean Journal of Parasitology 2013 | journal-article DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.677 EID: 2-s2.0-84893272760.

87.Genetically variant populations of Paragonimus proliferus Hsia & Chen, 1964 from central Vietnam Journal of Helminthology 2013 | journal-article DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X12000090, EID: 2-s2.0-84877263080.

88.Food-borne Trematodes Manson's Tropical Diseases: Twenty-Third Edition 2013 | book, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00054-6, EID: 2-s2.0-84942919869

89.Fatty acid compositions of Taenia solium metacestode and its surrounding tissues Parasitology International, 2013 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.08.003, EID: 2-s2.0-84869881148.

90.Discovery of Paragonimus skrjabini in Vietnam and its phylogenetic status in the Paragonimus skrjabini complex Journal of Helminthology, 2013 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X1200065X, EID: 2-s2.0-84893093072

91.Comprehensive review of ocular angiostrongyliasis with special reference to optic neuritis Korean Journal of Parasitology 2013 | journal-article DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.613 EID: 2-s2.0-84893209120.

92.Application of Recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum Matrix Metalloproteinase-Like Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis by Immunoblotting American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013 | journal-article DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0617, EID: 2-s2.0-84880606857.

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93.A recombinant matrix metalloproteinase protein from gnathostoma spinigerum for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis Korean Journal of Parasitology 2013 | journal-article, DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.751, EID: 2-s2.0-84893307590.

94.The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin Parasitology International 2012 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.08.014, EID: 2-s2.0-82655181813.

95.Structural and Binding Properties of Two Paralogous Fatty Acid Binding Proteins of Taenia solium Metacestode PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2012 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001868, EID: 2-s2.0-84869059286

96.Short report: Molecular identification of a case of Paragonimus pseudoheterotremus infection in Thailand American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2012 | journal-article DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0235, EID: 2-s2.0-84867918804

97.Rapid detection and differentiation of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in human fecal samples using a duplex real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR and melting curve analysis Parasitology Research 2012 | journal-article DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2804-7, EID: 2-s2.0-84862772882

98.Families Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae: Are they distinct? Parasitology International 2012 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.004, EID: 2-s2.0-82155199170

99.Discovery of human opisthorchiasis: A mysterious history Parasitology International 2012 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.08.012 EID: 2-s2.0-82655181826

100.Co-existence of Paragonimus harinasutai and Paragonimus bangkokensis metacercariae in fresh water crab hosts in central Viet Nam with special emphasis o­n their close phylogenetic relationship Parasitology International 2012 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.011, EID: 2-s2.0-84861480301.

101.Rapid and simple identification of human pathogenic heterophyid intestinal fluke metacercariae by PCR-RFLP Parasitology International 2011 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.09.004, EID: 2-s2.0-82155166402.

102.Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011 | journal-article DOI: 10.3201/eid1707.101433, EID: 2-s2.0-79959904332.

103.Molecular identification of a causative parasite species using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues of a complicated human pulmonary sparganosis case without decisive clinical diagnosis Parasitology International 2011 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.07.018, EID: 2-s2.0-82155167630

104.Impact of hookworm deworming o­n anemia and nutritional status among children in Thailand Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2011 | journal-article, EID: 2-s2.0-80054958645.

105.Human sparganosis in Thailand: An overview Acta Tropica 2011 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.011, EID: 2-s2.0-79955612835

106.Human paragonimiasis in Viet Nam: Epidemiological survey and identification of the responsible species by DNA sequencing of eggs in patients' sputum Parasitology International 2011 | journal-article, DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.09.001, EID: 2-s2.0-82155166350

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107.Confirmation of the paraphyletic relationship between families Opisthorchiidae and Heterophyidae using small and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences Parasitology International, 2011, DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.07.015, EID: 2-s2.0-82155173524

108.Serodiagnostic reliability of single-step enriched low-molecular weight proteins of Taenia solium metacestode of American and Asian isolates Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010, DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.011, EID: 2-s2.0-77956649499.

109.Intrahepatic growth and maturation of Gnathostoma turgidum in the natural definitive opossum host, Didelphis virginiana Parasitology International 2010 | journal-article. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.04.004, EID: 2-s2.0-77955325342.

110.Infection status of the estuarine turtles Kinosternon integrum and Trachemys scripta with Gnathostoma binucleatum in Sinaloa, Mexico Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 2010 | journal-article, EID: 2-s2.0-79751486432, Source: Scopus - Elsevier Preferred source

111.Helminthic invasion of the central nervous system: Many roads lead to Rome Parasitology International, 2010 | journal-article. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.08.002, EID: 2-s2.0-77958455772.

112.Haplorchis taichui as a possible etiologic agent of irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms Korean Journal of Parasitology, 2010 | journal-article, DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.225, EID: 2-s2.0-78149378033

113.Double strand problems: Reverse DNA sequences deposited in the DNA database Korean Journal of Parasitology 2010 | journal-article DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.89, EID: 2-s2.0-77949688752.

114.A novel sigma-like glutathione transferase of Taenia solium metacestode International Journal for Parasitology 2010 | journal-article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.03.007, EID: 2-s2.0-77953914439

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115.Short report: Case of gnathostomiasis in Beijing, China American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009 | journal-article EID: 2-s2.0-59649094206 Source: Scopus – Elsevier

116.Morphological differences and molecular similarities between Paragonimus bangkokensis and P. harinasutai Parasitology Research 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1402-4, EID: 2-s2.0-67649556323

117.Large-group infection of boar-hunting dogs with Paragonimus westermani in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, with special reference to a case of sudden death due to bilateral pneumothorax Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.657, EID: 2-s2.0-67650492573

118.Is gnathostoma turgidum an annual parasite of opossums? drastic seasonal changes of infection in didelphis virginiana in Mexico Journal of Parasitology 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1645/GE-1988.1, EID: 2-s2.0-73949105504

119.Galβ1-6Gal, antigenic epitope which accounts for serological cross-reaction in diagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis infection Parasite Immunology 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01129.x EID: 2-s2.0-68249158089

120.Fulminant eosinophilic myocarditis associated with visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis infection Circulation Journal 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-08-0334, EID: 2-s2.0-68149171456;

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121.Lu G G Department of Pathogen Biology,Hainan Medical 2014. Discovery of an endemic area of gnathostoma turgidum infection among opossums, didelphis virginiana, in Mexico Journal of Parasitology 2009 | journal-article DOI: 10.1645/GE-1871.1, EID: 2-s2.0-73949145662 Retrospective epidemiological analysis of sparganosis in mainland China from 1959 to 2012.

122.Lee Eun Kyoung EK Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, - - 2014. Axillary sparganosis which was misunderstood lymph node metastasis during neoadjuvant chemotheraphy in.

123.Bennett Hayley M 2014. The genome of the sparganosis tapeworm Spirometra erinaceieuropaei isolated from the biopsy.

124.Oh Youngmin Y Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-711, 2014. Eosinophilic Pleuritis due to Sparganum: A Case Report.

125.Zhao Yi-Ming YM Department of Pediatric Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital & Yuying. Scrotal sparganosis mimicking scrotal teratoma in an infant: a case report and ...

126.Wiwanitkit Viroj V Tropical Medicine Unit, Hainan Medical University , Haikou , China - - 2014. Ocular Sparganosis.

127.Hill Ag 2014. A Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary, 28 Tomewin St, Currumbin, Queensland, 4223, Australia. Acanthocephalan infection and sparganosis in a green tree snake (Dendrelaphis punctulata).

128.Cui Jing J Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China, 2014. Molecular characterization of a Spirometra mansoni antigenic polypeptide gene encoding a 28.7 kDa ...

129.Ouyang Jinsheng J Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000 2014 [Pleural sparganosis: report of a case and review of the literature].

130.Kim Jeung Il JI Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, 2014. Intramuscular sparganosis in the gastrocnemius muscle: a case report.

131.Hu Dan Dan, 2014. Identification of early diagnostic antigens from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganum soluble proteins using .

132.Tsuda Hiroyuki H Division of Haematology/Oncology, Kumamoto City Hospital, Kumamoto, 2014. Sparganosis in follicular lymphoma patient.

133.Choi Seung Joon SJ Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, 2014. Sparganosis of the breast and lower extremities: Sonographic appearance.

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135.Lee Young-Il YI Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, 2014. Recurred sparganosis 1 year after surgical removal of a sparganum in a

136.Rahman S M Mazidur SM Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, 2014. Diagnostic Efficacy of a Recombinant Cysteine Protease of Spirometra erinacei Larvae for ...

137.Woldemeskel Moges M University of Georgia, Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, Tifton, 2014. Subcutaneous sparganosis, a zoonotic cestodiasis, in two cats.

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140.Graham Rondell P D 2013. Sparganosis Presenting as a Mammographic Abnormality.

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144.Schauer F 2013. Travel-acquired subcutaneous Sparganum proliferum infection diagnosed by molecular methods.

145.Hong Daojun 2013. Cerebral sparganosis in mainland Chinese patients.

146.Lee H M 2013. Sparganosis of Upper Extremity in Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Layers.

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148.Lee Seung-Ha 2013. Spargana in a Weasel, Mustela sibirica manchurica, and a Wild Boar, Sus ...

149.Mo Zhi-Shuo 2013. Clinical analysis of 25 sparganosis cases.

150.Chu Shuguang 2013. Magnetic resonance imaging features of pathologically proven cerebral sparganosis.

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