Nhân loại có 3 kẻ thù quan trọng đó là sốt, đói nghèo và chiến tranh, trong đó, sốt vẫn được coi là nguy hiểm nhất (“Humanityhasbutthreegreatenemies, Fever,famineandwar:ofthesebyfarthe greatest,byfarthemostterribleisfever -William Osler, 1896). Sốt rét vẫn là vấn đề y tế công cộng nghiêm trọng với tỷ lệ mắc và tử vong tiếp tục giữ vị trí cao trong danh sách các bệnh truyền nhiễm. Sốt rét ác tính (SRAT) là vấn đề cấp cứu y khoa bởi diễn tiến bệnh nhanh với các biến chứng nghiêm trọng, đe dọa tử vong cao cho nhiều bệnh nhân.

Endothelial-Leukocyte Interaction in Severe Malaria: Beyond the Brain

Mariana C. Souza, Tatiana A. Padua, Maria G. Henriques

Mediators Inflamm. 2015; 2015: 168937. Published o­nline 2015 Sep 30. doi: 10.1155/2015/168937

PMCID: PMC4605361 Article PubReader PDF–4.7MCitation

Severe malaria: what's new o­n the pathogenesis front?

Wassmer SC, Grau GE.

Int J Parasitol. 2017 Feb;47(2-3):145-152. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.002. Epub 2016 Sep 23. Review.

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Severe falciparum malaria in children: current understanding of pathophysiology and supportive treatment.

Newton CR, Krishna S.

Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jul;79(1):1-53. Review.

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Human cerebral malaria and the blood-brain barrier.

Medana IM, Turner GD.

Int J Parasitol. 2006 May 1;36(5):555-68. Epub 2006 Mar 10. Review.

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Cerebral malaria pathogenesis: revisiting parasite and host contributions.

Grau GE, Craig AG.

Future Microbiol. 2012 Feb;7(2):291-302. doi: 10.2217/fmb.11.155. Review.

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In vivo sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes: a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model for cerebral malaria.

Willimann K, Matile H, Weiss NA, Imhof BA.

J Exp Med. 1995 Sep 1;182(3):643-53.

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Adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria and other severe forms of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

John CC, Kutamba E, Mugarura K, Opoka RO.

Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Sep;8(9):997-1008. doi: 10.1586/eri.10.90. Review.

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Comparison of apoptosis in human primary pulmonary endothelial cells and a brain microvascular endothelial cell line co-cultured with Plasmodium falciparum field isolates.

Essone JCBB, N'Dilimabaka N, o­ndzaga J, Lekana-Douki JB, Mba DN, Deloron P, Mazier D, Gay F, Touré Ndouo FS.

BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Jun 27;17(1):454. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2552-0.

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Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis by Fasudil: therapeutic implications for severe malaria.

Zang-Edou ES, Bisvigou U, Taoufiq Z, Lékoulou F, Lékana-Douki JB, Traoré Y, Mazier D, Touré-Ndouo FS.

PLoS o­ne. 2010 Oct 7;5(10):e13221. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013221.

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Malaria pathogenesis.

Miller LH, Good MF, Milon G.

Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1878-83. Review.

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Immunomodulatory therapy associated to anti-parasite drugs as a way to prevent severe forms of malaria.

Muniz-Junqueira MI.

Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;2(1):59-73. Review.

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Cerebral malaria: what is known and what is o­n research.

Gay F, Zougbédé S, N'dilimabaka N, Rebollo A, Mazier D, Moreno A.

Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012 Mar;168(3):239-56. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.01.582. Epub 2012 Mar 2. Review.

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EPCR and Malaria Severity: The Center of a Perfect Storm.

Bernabeu M, Smith JD.

Trends Parasitol. 2017 Apr;33(4):295-308. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.004. Epub 2016 Dec 6. Review.

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Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes induce NF-kappaB regulated inflammatory pathways in human cerebral endothelium.

Tripathi AK, Sha W, Shulaev V, Stins MF, Sullivan DJ Jr.

Blood. 2009 Nov 5;114(19):4243-52. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-226415. Epub 2009 Aug 27.

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Children with retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria: a pathophysiologic puzzle.

Postels DG, Birbeck GL.

Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Nov;30(11):953-6. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3182271c69.

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Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein II Compromises Brain Endothelial Barriers and May Promote Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis.

Pal P, Daniels BP, Oskman A, Diamond MS, Klein RS, Goldberg DE.

MBio. 2016 Jun 7;7(3). pii: e00617-16. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00617-16.

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Hình 1

A histological method for quantifying Plasmodium falciparum in the brain in fatal paediatric cerebral malaria.

Milner DA Jr, Valim C, Carr RA, Chandak PB, Fosiko NG, Whitten R, Playforth KB, Seydel KB, Kamiza S, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE.

Malar J. 2013 Jun 7;12:191. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-191.

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A unified hypothesis for the genesis of cerebral malaria: sequestration, inflammation and hemostasis leading to microcirculatory dysfunction.

van der Heyde HC, Nolan J, Combes V, Gramaglia I, Grau GE.

Trends Parasitol. 2006 Nov;22(11):503-8. Epub 2006 Sep 18. Review.

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[Death cases from topical malaria in Russia (2009-2012)].

Baranova AM, Guzeeva TM, Morozova LF.

Med Parazitol (Mosk). 2013 Jul-Sep;(3):50-2. Russian. No abstract available.

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Activated Neutrophils Are Associated with Pediatric Cerebral Malaria Vasculopathy in Malawian Children.

Feintuch CM, Saidi A, Seydel K, Chen G, Goldman-Yassen A, Mita-Mendoza NK, Kim RS, Frenette PS, Taylor T, Daily JP.

MBio. 2016 Feb 16;7(1):e01300-15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01300-15.

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Does activation of the blood coagulation cascade have a role in malaria pathogenesis?

Francischetti IM.

Trends Parasitol. 2008 Jun;24(6):258-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.03.009. Epub 2008 May 6.

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Immunopathogenesis of falciparum malaria: implications for adjunctive therapy in the management of severe and cerebral malaria.

Higgins SJ, Kain KC, Liles WC.

Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Sep;9(9):803-19. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.96. Review.

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Mackintosh CL, Beeson JG, Marsh K.

Trends Parasitol. 2004 Dec;20(12):597-603. Review.

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Comparison of parasite sequestration in uncomplicated and severe childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Cunnington AJ, Bretscher MT, Nogaro SI, Riley EM, Walther M.

J Infect. 2013 Sep;67(3):220-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.013. Epub 2013 Apr 23.

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Angiotensin receptors and β-catenin regulate brain endothelial integrity in malaria.

Gallego-Delgado J, Basu-Roy U, Ty M, Alique M, Fernandez-Arias C, Movila A, Gomes P, Weinstock A, Xu W, Edagha I, Wassmer SC, Walther T, Ruiz-Ortega M, Rodriguez A.

J Clin Invest. 2016 Oct 3;126(10):4016-4029. doi: 10.1172/JCI87306. Epub 2016 Sep 19.

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Hình 2

Malaria: modification of the red blood cell and consequences in the human host.

Moxon CA, Grau GE, Craig AG.

Br J Haematol. 2011 Sep;154(6):670-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08755.x. Epub 2011 May 28. Review.

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Plasmodium falciparum picks (on) EPCR.

Aird WC, Mosnier LO, Fairhurst RM.

Blood. 2014 Jan 9;123(2):163-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-521005. Epub 2013 Nov 18. Review.

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Effects of hydroxyurea o­n malaria, parasite growth and adhesion in experimental models.

Pino P, Taoufiq Z, Brun M, Tefit M, Franetich JF, Ciceron L, Krishnamoorthy R, Mazier D.

Parasite Immunol. 2006 Dec;28(12):675-80.

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The Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cell.

Tilley L, Dixon MW, Kirk K.

Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011 Jun;43(6):839-42. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.03.012. Epub 2011 Mar 31. Review.

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Along a TNF-paved road from dead parasites in red cells to cerebral malaria, and beyond.

Clark IA.

Parasitology. 2009 Oct;136(12):1457-68. doi: 10.1017/S0031182009006088. Epub 2009 May 19. Review.

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Coma in fatal adult human malaria is not caused by cerebral oedema.

Medana IM, Day NP, Sachanonta N, Mai NT, Dondorp AM, Pongponratn E, Hien TT, White NJ, Turner GD.

Malar J. 2011 Sep 17;10:267. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-267.

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UK malaria treatment guidelines.

Lalloo DG, Shingadia D, Pasvol G, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, Beeching NJ, Hill DR, Warrell DA, Bannister BA; HPA Advisory Committee o­n Malaria Prevention in UK Travellers.

J Infect. 2007 Feb;54(2):111-21. Epub 2007 Jan 9.

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Small molecule-based inhibition of MEK1/2 proteins dampens inflammatory responses to malaria, reduces parasite load, and mitigates pathogenic outcomes.

Wu X, Dayanand KK, Thylur RP, Norbury CC, Gowda DC.

J Biol Chem. 2017 Aug 18;292(33):13615-13634. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.770313. Epub 2017 Jul 5.

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Receptor-specific adhesion and clinical disease in Plasmodium falciparum.

Newbold C, Warn P, Black G, Berendt A, Craig A, Snow B, Msobo M, Peshu N, Marsh K.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Oct;57(4):389-98.

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Hình 3

Whole-transcriptome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates: identification of new pathogenicity factors.

Siau A, Toure FS, Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer O, Ciceron L, Mahmoudi N, Vaquero C, Froissard P, Bisvigou U, Bisser S, Coppee JY, Bischoff E, David PH, Mazier D.

J Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 1;196(11):1603-12. Epub 2007 Oct 25.

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Investigating the Pathogenesis of Severe Malaria: A Multidisciplinary and Cross-Geographical Approach.

Wassmer SC, Taylor TE, Rathod PK, Mishra SK, Mohanty S, Arevalo-Herrera M, Duraisingh MT, Smith JD.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Sep;93(3 Suppl):42-56. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0841. Epub 2015 Aug 10. Review.

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Cerebral malaria: insights from host-parasite protein-protein interactions.

Rao A, Kumar MK, Joseph T, Bulusu G.

Malar J. 2010 Jun 9;9:155. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-155.

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Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: the roles of parasite adhesion and antigenic variation.

Beeson JG, Brown GV.

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Feb;59(2):258-71. Review.

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Apoptosis: a potential triggering mechanism of neurological manifestation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Touré FS, Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer O, Bisvigou U, Moussa O, Rogier C, Pino P, Mazier D, Bisser S.

Parasite Immunol. 2008 Jan;30(1):47-51.

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Malarial retinopathy in cerebral malaria.

Beare NA, Glover SJ, Molyneux M.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Feb;80(2):171. No abstract available.

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Emerging roles for hemostatic dysfunction in malaria pathogenesis.

O'Sullivan JM, Preston RJ, O'Regan N, O'Donnell JS.

Blood. 2016 May 12;127(19):2281-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-636464. Epub 2016 Feb 5. Review.

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Hình 4

Total and functional parasite specific IgE responses in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients exhibiting different clinical status.

Duarte J, Deshpande P, Guiyedi V, Mécheri S, Fesel C, Cazenave PA, Mishra GC, Kombila M, Pied S.

Malar J. 2007 Jan 4;6:1.

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The distribution and intensity of parasite sequestration in comatose Malawian children.

Seydel KB, Milner DA Jr, Kamiza SB, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE.

J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 15;194(2):208-5. Epub 2006 Jun 13.

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Plasma levels of nitric oxide in association with severe Plasmodium falciparum in Yemen.

Agina AA, Abd-Allah SH.

J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1999;29(1):215-22.

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Quantitative Assessment of Multiorgan Sequestration of Parasites in Fatal Pediatric Cerebral Malaria.

Milner DA Jr, Lee JJ, Frantzreb C, Whitten RO, Kamiza S, Carr RA, Pradham A, Factor RE, Playforth K, Liomba G, Dzamalala C, Seydel KB, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE.

J Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 15;212(8):1317-21. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv205. Epub 2015 Apr 7.

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Platelet-endothelial cell interactions in cerebral malaria: the end of a cordial understanding.

Faille D, El-Assaad F, Alessi MC, Fusai T, Combes V, Grau GE.

Thromb Haemost. 2009 Dec;102(6):1093-102. doi: 10.1160/TH09-05-0337. Review.

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Hình 5

Cerebral malaria and developmental biology: making parasites grow-up.

Pearson RD.

Med Hypotheses. 2001 Jul;57(1):112-4.

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An ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Pongponratn E, Turner GD, Day NP, Phu NH, Simpson JA, Stepniewska K, Mai NT, Viriyavejakul P, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Ferguson DJ, White NJ.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Oct;69(4):345-59.

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Cerebral malaria: mysteries at the blood-brain barrier.

Rénia L, Howland SW, Claser C, Charlotte Gruner A, Suwanarusk R, Hui Teo T, Russell B, Ng LF.

Virulence. 2012 Mar-Apr;3(2):193-201. doi: 10.4161/viru.19013. Epub 2012 Mar 1. Review.

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Hình 6

Sequestration and microvascular congestion are associated with coma in human cerebral malaria.

Ponsford MJ, Medana IM, Prapansilp P, Hien TT, Lee SJ, Dondorp AM, Esiri MM, Day NP, White NJ, Turner GD.

J Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 15;205(4):663-71. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir812. Epub 2011 Dec 29. Erratum in: J Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;206(9):1483.

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Contrasting pediatric and adult cerebral malaria: the role of the endothelial barrier.

Hawkes M, Elphinstone RE, Conroy AL, Kain KC.

Virulence. 2013 Aug 15;4(6):543-55. doi: 10.4161/viru.25949. Epub 2013 Aug 2. Review.

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Electrocardiographic monitoring in severe falciparum malaria.

Bethell DB, Phuong PT, Phuong CX, Nosten F, Waller D, Davis TM, Day NP, Crawley J, Brewster D, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996 May-Jun;90(3):266-9.

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Treatment of cerebral malaria and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with parenteral artesunate.

Chaudhari H, Mehta JB, Chaudhari K, Farrow J.

Tenn Med. 2013 May;106(5):41-3.

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Association of intraleukocytic Plasmodium falciparum malaria pigment with disease severity, clinical manifestations, and prognosis in severe malaria.

Lyke KE, Diallo DA, Dicko A, Kone A, Coulibaly D, Guindo A, Cissoko Y, Sangare L, Coulibaly S, Dakouo B, Taylor TE, Doumbo OK, Plowe CV.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Sep;69(3):253-9.

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Cerebral malaria: role of microparticles and platelets in alterations of the blood-brain barrier.

Combes V, Coltel N, Faille D, Wassmer SC, Grau GE.

Int J Parasitol. 2006 May 1;36(5):541-6. Epub 2006 Mar 10. Review.

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Genetic analysis of circulating and sequestered populations of Plasmodium falciparum in fatal pediatric malaria.

Montgomery J, Milner DA Jr, Tse MT, Njobvu A, Kayira K, Dzamalala CP, Taylor TE, Rogerson SJ, Craig AG, Molyneux ME.

J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;194(1):115-22. Epub 2006 May 31.

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Erythrocyte rosetting in Plasmodium falciparum malaria--with special reference to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.

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Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1993;86:1-79.

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Plasmodium falciparum and the blood-brain barrier--contacts and consequences.

Medana IM, Turner GD.

J Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;195(7):921-3. Epub 2007 Feb 21. No abstract available.

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Hình 7

Targeting glutamine metabolism rescues mice from late-stage cerebral malaria.

Gordon EB, Hart GT, Tran TM, Waisberg M, Akkaya M, Kim AS, Hamilton SE, Pena M, Yazew T, Qi CF, Lee CF, Lo YC, Miller LH, Powell JD, Pierce SK.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Oct 20;112(42):13075-80. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516544112. Epub 2015 Oct 5.

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Steroid Pulse Therapy May Mitigate Prolonged Neurological Manifestations after Eradication of Severe Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia.

Hasegawa C, Inagaki A, Yamada G, Morita K, Kitamura I, Ariyoshi K.

Intern Med. 2016;55(22):3393-3398. Epub 2016 Nov 15.

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Persistent cognitive impairment after cerebral malaria: models, mechanisms and adjunctive therapies.

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Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Nov;8(11):1209-12. doi: 10.1586/eri.10.117. No abstract available.

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A histopathologic study of fatal paediatric cerebral malaria caused by mixed Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium vivax infections.

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Malar J. 2012 Apr 3;11:107. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-107.

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Synthesis of artemiside and its effects in combination with conventional drugs against severe murine malaria.

Guo J, Guiguemde AW, Bentura-Marciano A, Clark J, Haynes RK, Chan WC, Wong HN, Hunt NH, Guy RK, Golenser J.

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Expression of merozoite surface protein markers by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in peripheral blood and tissues of children with fatal malaria.

Dobaño C, Rogerson SJ, Taylor TE, McBride JS, Molyneux ME.

Infect Immun. 2007 Feb;75(2):643-52. Epub 2006 Nov 21.

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Estimating sequestered parasite population dynamics in cerebral malaria.

Gravenor MB, van Hensbroek MB, Kwiatkowski D.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23;95(13):7620-4.

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[Cerebral malaria].

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Brain Nerve. 2009 Feb;61(2):122-8. Review. Japanese.

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The role of EPCR in the pathogenesis of severe malaria.

Mosnier LO, Lavstsen T.

Thromb Res. 2016 May;141 Suppl 2:S46-9. doi: 10.1016/S0049-3848(16)30364-4. Review.

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Hình 8

Cerebral malaria is associated with IgG2 and IgG4 antibody responses to recombinant Plasmodium falciparum RIFIN antigen.

Schreiber N, Brattig N, Evans J, Tsiri Agbenyega, Horstmann RD, May J, Klinkert MQ.

Microbes Infect. 2006 Apr;8(5):1269-76. Epub 2006 Feb 6.

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Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome.

Idro R, Marsh K, John CC, Newton CR.

Pediatr Res. 2010 Oct;68(4):267-74. doi: 10.1203/00006450-201011001-00524. Review.

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Hình 9

Genetic confirmation of quinine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria followed by postmalaria neurological syndrome in a traveler from Mozambique.

Palmieri F, Petrosillo N, Paglia MG, Conte A, Goletti D, Pucillo LP, Menegon M, Sannella A, Severini C, Majori G.

J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Nov;42(11):5424-6.

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Brain microvessel cross-presentation is a hallmark of experimental cerebral malaria.

Howland SW, Poh CM, Gun SY, Claser C, Malleret B, Shastri N, Ginhoux F, Grotenbreg GM, Rénia L.

EMBO Mol Med. 2013 Jul;5(7):984-99. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201202273. Epub 2013 May 16.

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Modulation of cerebral malaria by curcumin as an adjunctive therapy.

Jain K, Sood S, Gowthamarajan K.

Braz J Infect Dis. 2013 Sep-Oct;17(5):579-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.03.004. Epub 2013 Jul 29. Review.

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Hình 10

Association of the sickle cell trait and the ABO blood group with clinical severity of malaria in southwest Nigeria.

Amodu OK, Olaniyan SA, Adeyemo AA, Troye-Blomberg M, Olumese PE, Omotade OO.

Acta Trop. 2012 Aug;123(2):72-7. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.013. Epub 2012 Apr 5.

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Thrombin Cleavage of Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Inhibits Cytoadherence.

Gillrie MR, Renaux B, Russell-Goldman E, Avril M, Brazier AJ, Mihara K, Di Cera E, Milner DA Jr, Hollenberg MD, Smith JD, Ho M.

MBio. 2016 Sep 13;7(5). pii: e01120-16. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01120-16.

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[Cytoadherence in cerebral malaria as particular example of pathology in host--parasite system].

Stelmach WR, Walski M, Olszański R.

Wiad Parazytol. 2001;47(4):573-8. Polish.

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Cerebral malaria in spite of peripheral parasite clearance in a patient treated with atovaquone/proguanil.

Koch S, Göbels K, Richter J, Oette M, Häussinger D.

Parasitol Res. 2007 Mar;100(4):747-8. Epub 2006 Sep 27.

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Hình 11

Pathogenesis, clinical features, and neurological outcome of cerebral malaria.

Idro R, Jenkins NE, Newton CR.

Lancet Neurol. 2005 Dec;4(12):827-40. Review.

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Parasite virulence factors during falciparum malaria: rosetting, cytoadherence, and modulation of cytoadherence by cytokines.

Ringwald P, Peyron F, Lepers JP, Rabarison P, Rakotomalala C, Razanamparany M, Rabodonirina M, Roux J, Le Bras J.

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Molecular aspects of malaria pathogenesis.

Rasti N, Wahlgren M, Chen Q.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004 May 1;41(1):9-26. Review.

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Hình 12

Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria?

Adams S, Brown H, Turner G.

Trends Parasitol. 2002 Aug;18(8):360-6. Review.

PMID: 12377286 Similar articles Select item 1584827580.

Differential antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors in patients with cerebral and mild malaria.

Perraut R, Diatta B, Marrama L, Garraud O, Jambou R, Longacre S, Krishnegowda G, Dieye A, Gowda DC.

Microbes Infect. 2005 Apr;7(4):682-7. Epub 2005 Mar 21.

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Structure-Guided Identification of a Family of Dual Receptor-Binding PfEMP1 that Is Associated with Cerebral Malaria.

Lennartz F, Adams Y, Bengtsson A, Olsen RW, Turner L, Ndam NT, Ecklu-Mensah G, Moussiliou A, Ofori MF, Gamain B, Lusingu JP, Petersen JE, Wang CW, Nunes-Silva S, Jespersen JS, Lau CK, Theander TG, Lavstsen T, Hviid L, Higgins MK, Jensen AT.

Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Mar 8;21(3):403-414. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.009.

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The pathogenesis of severe malaria in African children.

Marsh K, English M, Crawley J, Peshu N.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1996 Aug;90(4):395-402. Review.

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Chitinase 3-like 1 is induced by Plasmodium falciparum malaria and predicts outcome of cerebral malaria and severe malarial anaemia in a case-control study of African children.

Erdman LK, Petes C, Lu Z, Dhabangi A, Musoke C, Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Lee CG, Liles WC, Elias JA, Kain KC.

Malar J. 2014 Jul 21;13:279. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-279.

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Hình 13

An immunohistochemical study of the pathology of fatal malaria. Evidence for widespread endothelial activation and a potential role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cerebral sequestration.

Turner GD, Morrison H, Jones M, Davis TM, Looareesuwan S, Buley ID, Gatter KC, Newbold CI, Pukritayakamee S, Nagachinta B, et al.

Am J Pathol. 1994 Nov;145(5):1057-69.

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Rupture and Release: A Role for Soluble Erythrocyte Content in the Pathology of Cerebral Malaria.

Gallego-Delgado J, Rodriguez A.

Trends Parasitol. 2017 Nov;33(11):832-835. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jul 11.

PMID: 28709836 Similar articles Select item 1650065686.

Hình 14

Perforin mediated apoptosis of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells during experimental cerebral malaria.

Potter S, Chan-Ling T, Ball HJ, Mansour H, Mitchell A, Maluish L, Hunt NH.

Int J Parasitol. 2006 Apr;36(4):485-96. Epub 2006 Jan 19.

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Malaria recurrence caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

Omonuwa S, Omonuva S.

J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002 Mar-Apr;15(2):159-60. No abstract available.

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Molecular mechanisms and biological importance of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte rosetting.

Wahlgren M, Carlson J, Helmby H, Hedlund I, Treutiger CJ.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1992;87 Suppl 3:323-9. Review.

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Hình 14

A potential role for plasma uric acid in the endothelial pathology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Mita-Mendoza NK, van de Hoef DL, Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Konate D, Doumbouya M, Gu W, Anderson JM, Santos-Argumedo L, Rodriguez A, Fay MP, Diakite M, Long CA, Fairhurst RM.

PLoS o­ne. 2013;8(1):e54481. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054481. Epub 2013 Jan 22.

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Malaria: mechanisms of erythrocytic infection and pathological correlates of severe disease.

Haldar K, Murphy SC, Milner DA, Taylor TE.

Annu Rev Pathol. 2007;2:217-49. Review.

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Prevalence and implications of cerebrospinal fluid leukocytosis in Papua New Guinean children hospitalized with severe malaria.

Laman M, Manning L, Siba PM, Davis TM.

Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Nov;89(5):866-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0281. Epub 2013 Sep 9.

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Hình 15

Helicases - feasible antimalarial drug target for Plasmodium falciparum.

Tuteja R.

FEBS J. 2007 Sep;274(18):4699-704. Review.

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Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract protects neurons from apoptosis and mitigates brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria.

Bedri S, Khalil EA, Khalid SA, Alzohairy MA, Mohieldein A, Aldebasi YH, Seke Etet PF, Farahna M.

Malar J. 2013 Aug 29;12:298. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-298.

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Antigenic variation and immune evasion in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Reeder JC, Brown GV.

Immunol Cell Biol. 1996 Dec;74(6):546-54. Review.

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Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys: a primate model for human cerebral malaria.

Aikawa M, Brown AE, Smith CD, Tegoshi T, Howard RJ, Hasler TH, Ito Y, Collins WE, Webster HK.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1992;87 Suppl 3:443-7.

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Hình 16

Malaria and stroke. Case report.

Leopoldino JF, Fukujima MM, Gabbai AA.

Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1999 Dec;57(4):1024-6.

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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model for the Effect of l-Arginine o­n Endothelial Function in Patients with Moderately Severe Falciparum Malaria.

Brussee JM, Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Anstey NM, Duffull SB.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Oct 19;60(1):198-205. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01479-15. Print 2016 Jan.

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Dynamic interactions of Plasmodium spp. with vascular endothelium.

Gillrie MR, Ho M.

Tissue Barriers. 2017 Jan 2;5(1):e1268667. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1268667. Epub 2016 Dec 7. Review.

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Hình 17

Relative contributions of macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction to disease severity in falciparum malaria.

Hanson J, Lam SW, Mahanta KC, Pattnaik R, Alam S, Mohanty S, Hasan MU, Hossain A, Charunwatthana P, Chotivanich K, Maude RJ, Kingston H, Day NP, Mishra S, White NJ, Dondorp AM.

J Infect Dis. 2012 Aug 15;206(4):571-9. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis400. Epub 2012 Jun 12. Erratum in: J Infect Dis. 2012 Oct;206(8):1330.

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Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis.

Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jul 20;7:324. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324. eCollection 2017. Review.

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Getting Your Head around Cerebral Malaria.

Dvorin JD.

Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Nov 8;22(5):586-588. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.017.

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Cerebral malaria in children: using the retina to study the brain.

MacCormick IJ, Beare NA, Taylor TE, Barrera V, White VA, Hiscott P, Molyneux ME, Dhillon B, Harding SP.

Brain. 2014 Aug;137(Pt 8):2119-42. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu001. Epub 2014 Feb 26. Review.

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Adjunctive therapy for severe malaria: a review and critical appraisal.

Varo R, Crowley VM, Sitoe A, Madrid L, Serghides L, Kain KC, Bassat Q.

Malar J. 2018 Jan 24;17(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2195-7. Review.

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Diagnosis and management of the neurological complications of falciparum malaria.

Mishra SK, Newton CR.

Nat Rev Neurol. 2009 Apr;5(4):189-98. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.23. Review.

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Decreased endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, impaired microvascular function, and increased tissue oxygen consumption in children with falciparum malaria.

Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Kenangalem E, Tjitra E, Weinberg JB, Granger DL, Price RN, Anstey NM.

J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 15;210(10):1627-32. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu308. Epub 2014 May 30.

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Repurposing Pharmaceuticals as Neuroprotective Agents for Cerebral Malaria.

Brooks HM, Hawkes MT.

Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(2):62-72. doi: 10.2174/1574884712666170704144042.

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Lethal malaria: Marchiafava and Bignami were right.

White NJ, Turner GD, Day NP, Dondorp AM.

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[Current advance in cerebral malaria].

Li JL, Li K, Guo Y, Zhao Z, Chen LN, Jiang XH, Li YJ, Tu Y, Zheng XJ.

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2017 Dec;42(23):4548-4555. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20171121.003. Chinese.

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Stuck in a rut? Reconsidering the role of parasite sequestration in severe malaria syndromes.

Cunnington AJ, Riley EM, Walther M.

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Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Gaseous Therapies for Severe Malaria.

Kayano ACAV, Dos-Santos JCK, Bastos MF, Carvalho LJ, Aliberti J, Costa FTM.

Infect Immun. 2016 Mar 24;84(4):874-882. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01404-15. Print 2016 Apr. Review.

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Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of coma and acute kidney injury complicating falciparum malaria.

Plewes K, Turner GDH, Dondorp AM.

Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;31(1):69-77. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000419.

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Reply: Retinopathy, histidine-rich protein-2 and perfusion pressure in cerebral malaria.

MacCormick IJ, Beare NA, Taylor TE, Barrera V, White VA, Hiscott P, Molyneux ME, Dhillon B, Harding SP.

Brain. 2014 Sep;137(Pt 9):e299. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu146. Epub 2014 Jun 11. No abstract available.

PMID: 24919966 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 29049588113.

Global Health: What's in It for Us?

Gopal S.

JAMA. 2017 Oct 10;318(14):1325-1326. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.13203. No abstract available.

PMID: 29049588 Similar articles Select item 29624335114.

[Interactions between microbiota and pathogenesis during malaria].

Hisaeda H.

Seikagaku. 2016 Oct;88(5):649-53. Japanese. No abstract available.

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