Cùng với sự phát triển kháng thuốc của nhiều tác nhân vi khuẩn, virus, nấm và ký sinh trùng hiện nay đang diễn ra trên phạm vi toàn cầu và ngay tại Việt Nam. Trong đó, đáng chú ý đến các chủng phế cầu Strptococcus pneumoniae với nhiều loại kháng sinh khác nhau, ngay cả thuốc kháng sinh phổ rộng có thể do nhiều nuyên do khác nhau từ việc sử dụng thuốc không đúng mục đích, sử dụng thuốc tràn lan và quá rộng rãi tại các cơ sở điều trị và kê đơn thuốc không hợp lý cũng như sử dụng thuốc tại cộng đồng trong nhiều năm qua.

Trước tình trạng đó, việc nghiên cứu đánh giá dịch tễ học kháng thuốc, nghiên cứu thuốc mới hoặc phối hợp thuốc chống kháng và chế tạo vaccine để phòng bệnh cho phế cầu hiện đang là hướng đi của nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới cũng như tại Việt Nam. Nhân đây, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ thông tin một số nghiên cứu liên quan đến các vấn đề sức khỏe nói trên như cập nhật thông tin thế giới và cho thấy trong nghiên cứu vẫn còn nhiều điều thú vị và còn nhiều khoảng trống để chúng ta cần phải nghiên cứu và lấp lỗ hỗng này.

Pneumonia, Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Dion CF, Ashurst JV.StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-.2017 Dec 12.PMID: 29261971 Free Books & Documents Similar articles Select item 20203464_2.

Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults.File TM Jr, Marrie TJ.Postgrad Med. 2010 Mar;122(2):130-41. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2130. Review.PMID: 20203464 Similar articles Select item 25336917_3.

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The comparative development of elevated resistance to macrolides in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.Yayan J.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014 Oct 3;8:1733-43. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S71349. eCollection 2014.PMID: 25336917 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 272381674.

Prospective, population-based surveillance of the burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia in older adults, Chrzanów County, Poland, 2010 to 2012.Harat R, Alexander R, Gray S, Gutterman EM, Pluta J, Pride M, Shite S, Fijolek J, Kozub J.Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2016;84(2):95-103. doi: 10.5603/PiAP.2016.0007.PMID: 27238167 Free Article Similar articles Select item 94956655.

Pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in 148 hospitalized adult patients.Porath A, Schlaeffer F, Pick N, Leinonen M, Lieberman D.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997 Dec;16(12):863-70.PMID: 9495665 Similar articles Select item 155194826.

Severity scoring in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: a 5-year experience.Ioachimescu OC, Ioachimescu AG, Iannini PB.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004 Nov;24(5):485-90.PMID: 15519482 Similar articles Select item 196017117.

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Estimating the economic impact of a half-day reduction in length of hospital stay among patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the US.Raut M, Schein J, Mody S, Grant R, Benson C, Olson W.Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 Sep;25(9):2151-7. doi: 10.1185/03007990903102743.PMID: 19601711 Similar articles Select item 172984598.

Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in 1702 hospitalized children in Singapore.Chiang WC, Teoh OH, Chong CY, Goh A, Tang JP, Chay OM.Respirology. 2007 Mar;12(2):254-61.PMID: 17298459 Similar articles Select item 153600969.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and community-acquired pneumonia: a cause for concern.File TM Jr.Am J Med. 2004 Aug 2;117 Suppl 3A:39S-50S. Review.PMID: 15360096 Similar articles Select item 2409284510.

Distribution of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in US adults aged ≥50 years with community-acquired pneumonia.Sherwin RL, Gray S, Alexander R, McGovern PC, Graepel J, Pride MW, Purdy J, Paradiso P, File TM Jr.J Infect Dis. 2013 Dec 1;208(11):1813-20. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit506. Epub 2013 Oct 2.PMID: 24092845 Similar articles Select item 1923613511.

The science of selecting antimicrobials for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).File TM.J Manag Care Pharm. 2009 Mar;15(2 Suppl):S5-11.PMID: 19236135 Similar articles Select item 1696367912.

Resource utilization of adults admitted to a large urban hospital with community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.Sun HK, Nicolau DP, Kuti JL.Chest. 2006 Sep;130(3):807-14.PMID: 16963679 Similar articles Select item 2419457513.

A worldwide perspective of nursing home-acquired pneumonia compared with community-acquired pneumonia.Liapikou A, Polverino E, Cilloniz C, Peyrani P, Ramirez J, Menendez R, Torres A; Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) Investigators.Respir Care. 2014 Jul;59(7):1078-85. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02788. Epub 2013 Nov 5.PMID: 24194575 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1109576714.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Overview.Kanno MB, Brown PD.Curr Infect Dis Rep. 1999 Apr;1(1):49-56.PMID: 11095767 Similar articles Select item 1663829215.

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[A multicentre study o­n the pathogenic agents in 665 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in cities of China].Liu YN, Chen MJ, Zhao TM, Wang H, Wang R, Liu QF, Cai BQ, Cao B, Sun TY, Hu YJ, Xiu QY, Zhou X, Ding X, Yang L, Zhuo JS, Tang YC, Zhang KX, Liang DR, Lü XJ, Li SQ, Liu Y, Yu YS, Wei ZQ, Ying KJ, Zhao F, Chen P, Hou XN.Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;29(1):3-8. Chinese. PMID: 16638292 Similar articles Select item 2055804516.

Evolving trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance: implications for therapy of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.Jones RN, Jacobs MR, Sader HS.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Sep;36(3):197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.04.013. Epub 2010 Jun 16. Review.PMID: 20558045 Similar articles Select item 1589917717.

[Failure of levofloxacin therapy in two cases of community-acquired pneumonia caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and complicated with empyema].Carlavilla AB, López-Medrano F, Chaves F, Villena V, Echave-Sustaeta J, Aguado JM.Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005 May;23(5):270-3. Spanish. PMID: 15899177 Similar articles Select item 2577505018.

Community-acquired pneumonia.José RJ, Periselneris JN, Brown JS.Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015 May;21(3):212-8. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000150. Review.PMID: 25775050 Similar articles Select item 1551667219.

Severe community-acquired pneumonia: assessment of microbial aetiology as mortality factor.Paganin F, Lilienthal F, Bourdin A, Lugagne N, Tixier F, Génin R, Yvin JL.Eur Respir J. 2004 Nov;24(5):779-85.PMID: 15516672 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2496786220.

[Economic cost of Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia in an adult population that required hospitalization in Bogotá, Colombia].Calderón C, Dennis R.Biomedica. 2014 Jan-Mar;34(1):92-101. doi: 10.1590/S0120-41572014000100012. Spanish. PMID: 24967862 Free Article Similar articles

Etiological Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adult Patients: A Prospective Hospital-Based Study in Mashhad, Iran.Naderi H, Sheybani F, Sarvghad M, Meshkat Z, Jabbari Nooghabi M.Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015 Aug 29;8(8):e22780. doi: 10.5812/jjm.22780. eCollection 2015 Aug.PMID: 26464771 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2412010322.

[Ability of procalcitonin to predict bacteremia in patients with community acquired pneumonia].Julián-Jiménez A, Timón Zapata J, Laserna Mendieta EJ, Parejo Miguez R, Flores Chacartegui M, Gallardo Schall P.Med Clin (Barc). 2014 Apr 7;142(7):285-92. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2013.05.046. Epub 2013 Oct 8. Spanish. PMID: 24120103 Similar articles Select item 1630488723.

[Guideline 'Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia' from the Dutch Thoracic Society].Aleva RM, Boersma WG; Dutch Thoracic Society.Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Nov 5;149(45):2501-7. Dutch. PMID: 16304887 Similar articles Select item 1276542024.

Chlamydia species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Canada.Marrie TJ, Peeling RW, Reid T, De Carolis E; Canadian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Investigators.Eur Respir J. 2003 May;21(5):779-84.PMID: 12765420 Free Article Similar articles Select item 186127125.

Community-acquired pneumonia: the clinical dilemma.Bowton DL, Bass DA.J Thorac Imaging. 1991 Jul;6(3):1-5. Review.PMID: 1861271 Similar articles Select item 2280528226.

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Evaluation of the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.Yin YD, Zhao F, Ren LL, Song SF, Liu YM, Zhang JZ, Cao B.Respirology. 2012 Oct;17(7):1131-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02227.x.PMID: 22805282 Similar articles Select item 1518220827.

Guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia: are they reflected in practice?Flanders SA, Halm EA.Treat Respir Med. 2004;3(2):67-77. Review.PMID: 15182208 Similar articles Select item 1107574628.

Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Chenoweth CE, Saint S, Martinez F, Lynch JP 3rd, Fendrick AM.Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Nov;75(11):1161-8. Review.PMID: 11075746 Similar articles Select item 1210991729.

Cost-effective approaches to the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of resistance.Kuti JL, Capitano B, Nicolau DP.Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(8):513-28. Review.PMID: 12109917 Similar articles Select item 1071441330.

Efficacy and safety of ten day moxifloxacin 400 mg o­nce daily in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Community Acquired Pneumonia Study Group.Patel T, Pearl J, Williams J, Haverstock D, Church D.Respir Med. 2000 Feb;94(2):97-105.PMID: 10714413 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2337073831.

Etiology and factors contributing to the severity and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia.Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakawa H, Nakamoto K, Takaku Y, Miyahara Y, Kagiyama N, Kurashima K, Yanagisawa T, Sugita Y.Intern Med. 2013;52(3):317-24. Epub 2013 Feb 1.PMID: 23370738 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2493876032.

Rapid urine antigen testing for Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: clinical use and barriers.Harris AM, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Moore MR.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Aug;79(4):454-7. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.05.008. Epub 2014 May 17.PMID: 24938760 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1980905333.

Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii.Ho PL, Cheng VC, Chu CM.Chest. 2009 Oct;136(4):1119-1127. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0285. Review.PMID: 19809053 Similar articles Select item 2154537034.

Clinical features of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in a Japanese community hospital: comparisons among nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), HCAP other than NHAP, and community-acquired pneumonia.Umeki K, Tokimatsu I, Yasuda C, Iwata A, Yoshioka D, Ishii H, Shirai R, Kishi K, Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto B, Kadota J.Respirology. 2011 Jul;16(5):856-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01983.x.PMID: 21545370 Similar articles Select item 1981743235.

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Pneumococcal pneumonia: potential for diagnosis through a urinary metabolic profile.Slupsky CM, Rankin KN, Fu H, Chang D, Rowe BH, Charles PG, McGeer A, Low D, Long R, Kunimoto D, Sawyer MB, Fedorak RN, Adamko DJ, Saude EJ, Shah SL, Marrie TJ.J Proteome Res. 2009 Dec;8(12):5550-8. doi: 10.1021/pr9006427.PMID: 19817432 Similar articles Select item 2796020836.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Asia-Pacific Region.Song JH, Huh K, Chung DR.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec;37(6):839-854. Epub 2016 Dec 13. Review.PMID: 27960208 Similar articles Select item 1589131937.

Severe community-acquired pneumonia as a cause of severe sepsis: data from the PROWESS study.Laterre PF, Garber G, Levy H, Wunderink R, Kinasewitz GT, Sollet JP, Maki DG, Bates B, Yan SC, Dhainaut JF; PROWESS Clinical Evaluation Committee.Crit Care Med. 2005 May;33(5):952-61.PMID: 15891319 Similar articles Select item 2418262338.

[Diagnostic and prognostic power of biomarkers to improve the management of community acquired pneumonia in the emergency department].Julián-Jiménez A, Timón Zapata J, Laserna Mendieta EJ, Sicilia-Bravo I, Palomo-de Los Reyes MJ, Cabezas-Martínez A, Laín-Terés N, Estebaran-Martín J, Lozano-Ancín A, Cuena-Boy R.Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014 Apr;32(4):225-35. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.04.015. Epub 2013 Oct 31. Spanish. PMID: 24182623 Similar articles Select item 2528838439.

Sputum bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients in Nigeria: a 5-year multicentre retrospective study.Iroezindu MO, Chima EI, Isiguzo GC, Mbata GC, o­nyedum CC, o­nyedibe KI, Okoli LE.Scand J Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;46(12):875-87. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2014.954263. Epub 2014 Oct 7.PMID: 25288384 Similar articles Select item 2046961940.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment options.Dean N.Hosp Pract (1995). 2010 Feb;38(1):7-15. Review.PMID: 20469619 Similar articles

Community-acquired pneumonia: prospective study of 101 adult, immunocompetent patients for 1 year.Antela A, Guerrero A, Meseguer M, González-Sainz J, Escudero R, Pérez-Elías MJ, Quereda C, Hermida JM, Cobo J, Montilla P, et al.Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1993 Dec;11(10):525-30. Review. Spanish. PMID: 8142501 Similar articles Select item 2293586342.

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in northern Taiwan.Chen CJ, Lin PY, Tsai MH, Huang CG, Tsao KC, Wong KS, Chang LY, Chiu CH, Lin TY, Huang YC.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Nov;31(11):e196-201. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31826eb5a7.PMID: 22935863 Similar articles Select item 2146028843.

Diagnostic tests for agents of community-acquired pneumonia.Bartlett JG.Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52 Suppl 4:S296-304. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir045. Review.PMID: 21460288 Similar articles Select item 2998853244.

An Interferon Signature Discriminates Pneumococcal From Staphylococcal Pneumonia.Strehlitz A, Goldmann O, Pils MC, Pessler F, Medina E.Front Immunol. 2018 Jun 25;9:1424. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01424. eCollection 2018.PMID: 29988532 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1022523945.

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? A microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Ruiz-González A, Falguera M, Nogués A, Rubio-Caballero M.Am J Med. 1999 Apr;106(4):385-90.PMID: 10225239 Similar articles Select item 2503340246.

Clinical characteristics of Q fever and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in a tropical region of southern Taiwan: a prospective observational study.Lai CH, Chang LL, Lin JN, Chen WF, Wei YF, Chiu CT, Wu JT, Hsu CK, Chen JY, Lee HS, Lin HH, Chen YH.PLoS o­ne. 2014 Jul 17;9(7):e102808. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102808. eCollection 2014.PMID: 25033402 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2061574147.

Clinical and economic burden of pneumonia among adults in Latin America.Isturiz RE, Luna CM, Ramirez J.Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Oct;14(10):e852-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2262. Epub 2010 Jul 7. Review. PMID: 20615741 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2087639748.

Current and potential usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia to guide antimicrobial therapy.Sordé R, Falcó V, Lowak M, Domingo E, Ferrer A, Burgos J, Puig M, Cabral E, Len O, Pahissa A.Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jan 24;171(2):166-72. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.347. Epub 2010 Sep 27.PMID: 20876397 Similar articles Select item 1764010949.

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Direct costs in patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia after non-response to outpatient treatment with macrolide antibacterials in the US.Paladino JA, Adelman MH, Schentag JJ, Iannini PB.Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25(8):677-83.PMID: 17640109 Similar articles Select item 978847650.

Community-acquired pneumonia.Brown PD, Lerner SA.Lancet. 1998 Oct 17;352(9136):1295-302. Review.PMID: 9788476 Similar articles Select item 1465892351.

Community-acquired pneumonia in children: issues in optimizing antibacterial treatment.Korppi M.Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5(12):821-32. Review.PMID: 14658923 Similar articles Select item 2653130752.

Poor outcomes of empiric ceftriaxone ± azithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.So W, Crandon JL, Nicolau DP.Intern Emerg Med. 2016 Jun;11(4):545-51. doi: 10.1007/s11739-015-1345-y. Epub 2015 Nov 3.PMID: 26531307 Similar articles Select item 1670018853.

Demographics and microbiological profile of pneumonia in United Arab Emirates.Al-Muhairi S, Zoubeidi T, Ellis M, Nicholls MG, Safa W, Joseph J.Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2006 Mar;65(1):13-8.PMID: 16700188 Similar articles Select item 1916963154.

Biomarkers of thrombosis, fibrinolysis, and inflammation in patients with severe sepsis due to community-acquired pneumonia with and without Streptococcus pneumoniae.Vail GM, Xie YJ, Haney DJ, Barnes CJ.Infection. 2009 Aug;37(4):358-64. doi: 10.1007/s15010-008-8128-6. Epub 2009 Jan 23.PMID: 19169631 Similar articles Select item 2799429655.

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The Most Common Detected Bacteria in Sputum of Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Treated In Hospital.Cukic V, Hadzic A.Med Arch. 2016 Oct;70(5):354-358. Epub 2016 Oct 25.PMID: 27994296 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1175544056.

Epidemiology of clinically diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia in the primary care setting: results from the 1999-2000 respiratory surveillance program.Gotfried MH.Am J Med. 2001 Dec 17;111 Suppl 9A:25S-29S; discussion 36S-38S.PMID: 11755440 Similar articles Select item 2855898257.

Decrease in the incidence and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain (2001-2014).Jimenez Trujillo I, Lopez de Andres A, Hernandez-Barrera V, Martinez-Huedo MA, de Miguel-Diez J, Jimenez-Garcia R.Vaccine. 2017 Jun 27;35(30):3733-3740. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.055. Epub 2017 May 27.PMID: 28558982 Similar articles Select item 2947498958.

Proportion of adult community-acquired pneumonia cases attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae among Hajj pilgrims in 2016.AlBarrak A, Alotaibi B, Yassin Y, Mushi A, Maashi F, Seedahmed Y, Alshaer M, Altaweel A, Elshiekh H, Turkistani A, Petigara T, Grabenstein J, Yezli S.Int J Infect Dis. 2018 Apr;69:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.02.008. Epub 2018 Feb 21.PMID: 29474989 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1498261159.

Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: serological results of a prospective, population-based study in primary health care.Korppi M, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Kleemola M.Respirology. 2004 Mar;9(1):109-14.PMID: 14982611 Similar articles Select item 2318856660.

[Investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex PCR methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia].Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Ozgen A, Biçmen C, Celik P, Aktoğu Özkan S, Sürücüoğlu S.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012 Oct;46(4):523-31. Turkish. PMID: 23188566 Similar articles

Epidemiology of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in adults. Incidence, etiology, and impact.Garibaldi RA.Am J Med. 1985 Jun 28;78(6B):32-7.PMID: 4014285 Similar articles Select item 2323943662.

The incidence and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in fever outpatients.Bao Z, Yuan X, Wang L, Sun Y, Dong X.Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2012 Nov;237(11):1256-61. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012014.PMID: 23239436 Similar articles Select item 2378337363.

Community-acquired pneumonia in Chile: the clinical relevance in the detection of viruses and atypical bacteria.Luchsinger V, Ruiz M, Zunino E, Martínez MA, Machado C, Piedra PA, Fasce R, Ulloa MT, Fink MC, Lara P, Gebauer M, Chávez F, Avendaño LF.Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1000-6. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203551. Epub 2013 Jun 19.PMID: 23783373 Similar articles Select item 1157456264.

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Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in urine samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia.Murdoch DR, Laing RT, Mills GD, Karalus NC, Town GI, Mirrett S, Reller LB.J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Oct;39(10):3495-8.PMID: 11574562 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1675804165.

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Jordan.Al-Ali MK, Batchoun RG, Al-Nour TM.Saudi Med J. 2006 Jun;27(6):813-6.PMID: 16758041 Similar articles Select item 1858214766.

Improving outcomes of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Gutiérrez F, Masiá M.Drugs Aging. 2008;25(7):585-610. Review.PMID: 18582147 Similar articles Select item 2164812667.

Community acquired pneumonia in Port Harcourt Rivers State of Nigeria.Fiberesima FP, o­nwuchekwa AC.Cent Afr J Med. 2008 Jan-Apr;54(1-4):1-8.PMID: 21648126 Similar articles Select item 2136797868.

Longitudinal analysis of pneumococcal antibodies during community-acquired pneumonia reveals a much higher involvement of Streptococcus pneumoniae than estimated by conventional methods alone.van Mens SP, Meijvis SC, Endeman H, van Velzen-Blad H, Biesma DH, Grutters JC, Vlaminckx BJ, Rijkers GT.Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011 May;18(5):796-801. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00007-11. Epub 2011 Mar 2.PMID: 21367978 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 988315769.

Pneumococcal vaccination.Williams RM.Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1998 Nov-Dec;2(6):625-33. Review.PMID: 9883157 Similar articles Select item 3018876070.

Distribution of 13-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotype streptococcus pneumoniae in adults 50 Years and Older presenting with community-acquired pneumonia in Israel.Regev-Yochay G, Chowers M, Chazan B, Gonzalez E, Gray S, Zhang Z, Pride M.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018 Sep 6:1-6. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1475811. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 30188760 Similar articles Select item 1260734671.

[The utility of the Pneumonia PORT prediction rule for evaluating the severity of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan. The relationship between disease severity and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae].Nishiyama O, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, Kimura M, Shimizu J.Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2002 Dec;76(12):1003-9. Japanese. PMID: 12607346 Similar articles Select item 2408160772.

Spectrum of pathogens of in-patient children and youths with community acquired pneumonia: a 3 year survey of a community hospital in Vienna, Austria.Kurz H, Göpfrich H, Huber K, Krugluger W, Asbott F, Wabnegger L, Apfalter P, Sebesta C.Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2013 Nov;125(21-22):674-9. doi: 10.1007/s00508-013-0426-z. Epub 2013 Oct 1.PMID: 24081607 Similar articles Select item 2097397173.

Bacteremic community-acquired pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae: clinical and microbiological characteristics in Taiwan, 2001-2008.Lin YT, Jeng YY, Chen TL, Fung CP.BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 25;10:307. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-307.PMID: 20973971 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1149312874.

Nonsevere community-acquired pneumonia: correlation between cause and severity or comorbidity.Falguera M, Sacristán O, Nogués A, Ruiz-González A, García M, Manonelles A, Rubio-Caballero M.Arch Intern Med. 2001 Aug 13-27;161(15):1866-72.PMID: 11493128 Similar articles Select item 2033472775.

Use of serology and urine antigen detection to estimate the proportion of adult community-acquired pneumonia attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae.Watt JP, Moïsi JC, Donaldson RL, Reid R, Ferro S, Whitney CG, Santosham M, O'Brien KL.Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Dec;138(12):1796-803. doi: 10.1017/S0950268810000555. Epub 2010 Mar 25.PMID: 20334727 Similar articles Select item 2716177576.

Staphylococcus aureus Community-acquired Pneumonia: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.Self WH, Wunderink RG, Williams DJ, Zhu Y, Anderson EJ, Balk RA, Fakhran SS, Chappell JD, Casimir G, Courtney DM, Trabue C, Waterer GW, Bramley A, Magill S, Jain S, Edwards KM, Grijalva CG.Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 1;63(3):300-9. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw300. Epub 2016 May 8.PMID: 27161775 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2420075977.

The changing microbiologic epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia.Aliberti S, Kaye KS.Postgrad Med. 2013 Nov;125(6):31-42. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2013.11.2710. Review.PMID: 24200759 Similar articles Select item 1815943978.

Blood cultures in ambulatory patients who are discharged from emergency with community-acquired pneumonia.Marrie TJ.Can J Infect Dis. 2004 Jan;15(1):21-4.PMID: 18159439 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1740890479.

Garenoxacin activity against isolates form patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Jones RN, Sader HS, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 May;58(1):1-7. Epub 2007 Apr 3.PMID: 17408904 Similar articles Select item 1985741680.

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Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society criteria to predict severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.Kontou P, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP.Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Oct;27(8):968-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.07.037.PMID: 19857416 Similar articles

The emerging role of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia.Gleason PP.Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Jan;22(1 Pt 2):2S-11S; discussion 30S-32S.PMID: 11791627 Similar articles Select item 985895882.

Community-acquired pneumonia.Cassiere HA, Niederman MS.Dis Mon. 1998 Nov;44(11):613-75. Review.PMID: 9858958 Similar articles Select item 1528737683.

Comparative study of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila or Chlamydia pneumoniae.Sopena N, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabrià M, García-Parés D, Reynaga E, García-Nuñez M.Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(5):330-4.PMID: 15287376 Similar articles Select item 2243388284.

The use of multiplex real-time PCR improves the detection of the bacterial etiology of community acquired pneumonia.Mustafa MI, Al-Marzooq F, How SH, Kuan YC, Ng TH.Trop Biomed. 2011 Dec;28(3):531-44.PMID: 22433882 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2593643485.

Necrotizing pneumonia and acute purulent pericarditis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in a healthy 4-year-old girl after o­ne catch-up dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Lu S, Tsai JD, Tsao TF, Liao PF, Sheu JN.Paediatr Int Child Health. 2016 Aug;36(3):235-9. doi: 10.1179/2046905515Y.0000000022.PMID: 25936434 Similar articles Select item 1658253586.

Evaluating the use of a Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen detection kit for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan.Kobashi Y, Yoshida K, Miyashita N, Niki Y, Matsushima T.Respiration. 2007;74(4):387-93. Epub 2006 Mar 19.PMID: 16582535 Similar articles Select item 1967521887.

Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA load in blood as a marker of infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Peters RP, de Boer RF, Schuurman T, Gierveld S, Kooistra-Smid M, van Agtmael MA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Persoons MC, Savelkoul PH.J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Oct;47(10):3308-12. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01071-09. Epub 2009 Aug 12.PMID: 19675218 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1590666088.

Etiologies and treatment outcomes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand.Reechaipichitkul W, Lulitanond V, Tantiwong P, Saelee R, Pisprasert V.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005 Jan;36(1):156-61.PMID: 15906660 Similar articles Select item 2386650889.

Atypical pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia in adults.Zubairi AB, Zafar A, Salahuddin N, Haque AS, Waheed S, Khan JA.J Pak Med Assoc. 2012 Jul;62(7):653-6.PMID: 23866508 Free Article Similar articles Select item 891276490.

Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter study.Torres A, Dorca J, Zalacaín R, Bello S, El-Ebiary M, Molinos L, Arévalo M, Blanquer J, Celis R, Iriberri M, Prats E, Fernández R, Irigaray R, Serra J.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Nov;154(5):1456-61.PMID: 8912764 Similar articles Select item 759766991.

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Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study among adults requiring admission to hospital.Bohte R, van Furth R, van den Broek PJ.Thorax. 1995 May;50(5):543-7.PMID: 7597669 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2573220092.

Low C-reactive protein values at admission predict mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae that require intensive care management.Que YA, Virgini V, Lozeron ED, Paratte G, Prod'hom G, Revelly JP, Pagani JL, Charbonney E, Eggimann P.Infection. 2015 Apr;43(2):193-9. doi: 10.1007/s15010-015-0755-0. Epub 2015 Mar 3.PMID: 25732200 Similar articles Select item 1608868393.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome.Iregui MG, Kollef MH.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;22(3):317-26.PMID: 16088683 Similar articles Select item 2625588994.

Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli dominate the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Indonesia, a cohort study.Farida H, Gasem MH, Suryanto A, Keuter M, Zulkarnain N, Satoto B, van der Eijk AA, Djokomoeljanto R, Wahyono H, Verbrugh HA, Severin JA, van den Broek PJ.Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;38:101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.023. Epub 2015 Aug 6.PMID: 26255889 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1608521095.

Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among adult patients requiring hospitalization in Taiwan.Lauderdale TL, Chang FY, Ben RJ, Yin HC, Ni YH, Tsai JW, Cheng SH, Wang JT, Liu YC, Cheng YW, Chen ST, Fung CP, Chuang YC, Cheng HP, Lu DC, Liu CJ, Huang IW, Hung CL, Hsiao CF, Ho M.Respir Med. 2005 Sep;99(9):1079-86. Epub 2005 Apr 18.PMID: 16085210 Free Article Similar articles Select item 879008096.

Roentgenographic findings of pneumonia caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae. A comparison with streptococcus pneumonia.Kauppinen MT, Lähde S, Syrjälä H.Arch Intern Med. 1996 Sep 9;156(16):1851-6.PMID: 8790080 Similar articles Select item 1561446297.

A 3-year prospective study of a urinary antigen-detection test for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: utility and clinical impact o­n the reported etiology.Ishida T, Hashimoto T, Arita M, Tojo Y, Tachibana H, Jinnai M.J Infect Chemother. 2004 Dec;10(6):359-63.PMID: 15614462 Similar articles Select item 1125482198.

Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines.Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, Harrison TG, Rose D, Leinonen M, Saikku P.Thorax. 2001 Apr;56(4):296-301.PMID: 11254821 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1474994999.

Community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia.Herold CJ, Sailer JG.Eur Radiol. 2004 Mar;14 Suppl 3:E2-20. Review.PMID: 14749949 Similar articles Select item 25518734100.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children: clinical features and laboratory diagnosis.Medjo B, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Radic S, Nikolic D, Lukac M, Djukic S.Ital J Pediatr. 2014 Dec 18;40:104. doi: 10.1186/s13052-014-0104-4.PMID: 25518734 Free PMC Article Similar articles

Management of community-acquired pneumonia in the era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group.Heffelfinger JD, Dowell SF, Jorgensen JH, Klugman KP, Mabry LR, Musher DM, Plouffe JF, Rakowsky A, Schuchat A, Whitney CG.Arch Intern Med. 2000 May 22;160(10):1399-408.PMID: 10826451 Similar articles

The pneumococcus: epidemiology, microbiology, and pathogenesis.Henriques-Normark B, Tuomanen EI.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Jul 1;3(7). pii: a010215. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010215. Review.PMID: 23818515 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 93794702.

Antibiotic resistance. Epidemiology of antibiotic resistance: blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Johnson AP, Speller DC.J Med Microbiol. 1997 Jun;46(6):445-7. No abstract available. PMID: 9379470 Similar articles Select item 229132603.

The fundamental link between pneumococcal carriage and disease.Simell B, Auranen K, Käyhty H, Goldblatt D, Dagan R, O'Brien KL; Pneumococcal Carriage Group.Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012 Jul;11(7):841-55. Review.PMID: 22913260 Similar articles Select item 191916154.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged <5 years admitted to 3 urban hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria.Falade AG, Lagunju IA, Bakare RA, Odekanmi AA, Adegbola RA.Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 1;48 Suppl 2:S190-6. doi: 10.1086/596500.PMID: 19191615 Similar articles Select item 232283555.

Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal diseases before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Shibl AM, Memish ZA, Al-Kattan KM.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G32-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.030.PMID: 23228355 Similar articles Select item 272768746.

Pneumococcal colonization and invasive disease studied in a porcine model.de Greeff A, van Selm S, Buys H, Harders-Westerveen JF, Tunjungputri RN, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, de Jonge MI, Smith HE.BMC Microbiol. 2016 Jun 8;16:102. doi: 10.1186/s12866-016-0718-3.PMID: 27276874 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 254456437.

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