Cùng với sự phát triển kháng thuốc của nhiều tác nhân vi khuẩn, virus, nấm và ký sinh trùng hiện nay đang diễn ra trên phạm vi toàn cầu và ngay tại Việt Nam. Trong đó, đáng chú ý đến các chủng phế cầu Strptococcus pneumoniae với nhiều loại kháng sinh khác nhau, ngay cả thuốc kháng sinh phổ rộng có thể do nhiều nuyên do khác nhau từ việc sử dụng thuốc không đúng mục đích, sử dụng thuốc tràn lan và quá rộng rãi tại các cơ sở điều trị và kê đơn thuốc không hợp lý cũng như sử dụng thuốc tại cộng đồng trong nhiều năm qua.

Trước tình trạng đó, việc nghiên cứu đánh giá dịch tễ học kháng thuốc, nghiên cứu thuốc mới hoặc phối hợp thuốc chống kháng và chế tạo vaccine để phòng bệnh cho phế cầu hiện đang là hướng đi của nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới cũng như tại Việt Nam.

Nhân đây, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ thông tin một số nghiên cứu liên quan đến các vấn đề sức khỏe nói trên như cập nhật thông tin thế giới và cho thấy trong nghiên cứu vẫn còn nhiều điều thú vị và còn nhiều khoảng trống để chúng ta cần phải nghiên cứu và lấp lỗ hỗng này.

Natural transformation and genome evolution in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Straume D, Stamsås GA, Håvarstein LS.Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Jul;33:371-80. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.020. Epub 2014 Nov 4. Review.PMID: 25445643 Similar articles Select item 254148388.

Pneumococci in biofilms are non-invasive: implications o­n nasopharyngeal colonization.Gilley RP, Orihuela CJ.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Nov 6;4:163. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00163. eCollection 2014. Review.PMID: 25414838 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 85318879.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence factors, pathogenesis, and vaccines.AlonsoDeVelasco E, Verheul AF, Verhoef J, Snippe H.Microbiol Rev. 1995 Dec;59(4):591-603. Review.PMID: 8531887 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2528651410.

[Pneumococcus pathogenicity factors and their protective properties].Kostiukova NN, Bekhalo VA.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2014 May-Jun;(3):67-77. Review. Russian. PMID: 25286514 Similar articles Select item 2322835211.

Epidemiologic characteristics, serotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in a nationwide surveillance study in Lebanon.Hanna-Wakim R, Chehab H, Mahfouz I, Nassar F, Baroud M, Shehab M, Pimentel G, Wasfy M, House B, Araj G, Matar G, Dbaibo G; Lebanese Inter-Hospital Pneumococcal Surveillance Program.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G11-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.020.PMID: 23228352Similar articlesSelect item 1726159912.

Contributions of pneumolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), and PspC to pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 in a mouse model.Ogunniyi AD, LeMessurier KS, Graham RM, Watt JM, Briles DE, Stroeher UH, Paton JC.Infect Immun. 2007 Apr;75(4):1843-51. Epub 2007 Jan 29.PMID: 17261599 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1201097613.

Upper and lower respiratory tract infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is affected by pneumolysin deficiency and differences in capsule type.Kadioglu A, Taylor S, Iannelli F, Pozzi G, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW.Infect Immun. 2002 Jun;70(6):2886-90.PMID: 12010976 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2542479414.

Changing trends in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive diseases in Central Thailand, 2009-2012.Phongsamart W, Srifeungfung S, Chatsuwan T, Nunthapisud P, Treerauthaweeraphong V, Rungnobhakhun P, Sricharoenchai S, Chokephaibulkit K.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(7):1866-73. doi: 10.4161/hv.28675.PMID: 25424794 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2112310015.

The burden of vaccine-preventable invasive bacterial infections and pneumonia in children admitted to hospital in urban Nepal.Kelly DF, Thorson S, Maskey M, Mahat S, Shrestha U, Hamaluba M, Williams E, Dongol S, Werno AM, Portess H, Yadav BK, Adhikari N, Guiver M, Thomas K, Murdoch DR, Pollard AJ.Int J Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;15(1):e17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.05.021. Epub 2010 Nov 30.PMID: 21123100 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2277809516.

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Identification of genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of invasive pneumococcal disease by in vivo transcriptomic analysis.Ogunniyi AD, Mahdi LK, Trappetti C, Verhoeven N, Mermans D, Van der Hoek MB, Plumptre CD, Paton JC.Infect Immun. 2012 Sep;80(9):3268-78. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00295-12. Epub 2012 Jul 9.PMID: 22778095 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1706120817.

Pneumococcus: the sugar-coated bacteria.López R.Int Microbiol. 2006 Sep;9(3):179-90. Review.PMID: 17061208 Similar articles Select item 2322835318.

Non-susceptibility trends and serotype coverage by conjugate pneumococcal vaccines in a Tunisian paediatric population: a 10-year study.Charfi F, Smaoui H, Kechrid A.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.017.PMID: 23228353 Similar articles Select item 2407606519.

Adult zebrafish model for pneumococcal pathogenesis.Saralahti A, Piippo H, Parikka M, Henriques-Normark B, Rämet M, Rounioja S.Dev Comp Immunol. 2014 Feb;42(2):345-53. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.009. Epub 2013 Sep 25.PMID: 24076065 Similar articlesSelect item 2708052320.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage in Chinese children aged 12-18 months in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study.Hu J, Sun X, Huang Z, Wagner AL, Carlson B, Yang J, Tang S, Li Y, Boulton ML, Yuan Z.BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 14;16:149. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1485-3.PMID: 27080523 Free PMC Article Similar articles

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines o­n burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates: an overview from Kuwait.Mokaddas E, Albert MJ.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G37-40. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.061.PMID: 23228356 Similar articles Select item 2322835822.

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Changing epidemiology of pediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates before vaccine introduction in Casablanca (Morocco).Elmdaghri N, Benbachir M, Belabbes H, Zaki B, Benzaid H.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.044.PMID: 23228358 Similar articles Select item 2608555323.

Pneumococcal Capsules and Their Types: Past, Present, and Future.Geno KA, Gilbert GL, Song JY, Skovsted IC, Klugman KP, Jones C, Konradsen HB, Nahm MH.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):871-99. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00024-15. Review.PMID: 26085553 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2301035124.

Laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, before and after introduction of 7-valent conjugate vaccine: reduced disease, but not antibiotic resistance rates.Oftadeh S, Gidding HF, Gilbert GL.Epidemiol Infect. 2013 Sep;141(9):1797-806. doi: 10.1017/S095026881200218X. Epub 2012 Sep 25.PMID: 23010351 Similar articles Select item 1116346125.

Pathogenesis of pneumococcal inflammation: otitis media.Tuomanen EI.Vaccine. 2000 Dec 8;19 Suppl 1:S38-40. Review.PMID: 11163461 Similar articles Select item 2057322426.

High rate of pneumococcal bacteremia in a prospective cohort of older children and adults in an area of high HIV prevalence in rural western Kenya.Feikin DR, Jagero G, Aura B, Bigogo GM, Oundo J, Beall BW, Karani A, Morpeth S, Njenga MK, Breiman RF.BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 23;10:186. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-186.PMID: 20573224 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1642178827.

Capsular type and the pneumococcal human host-parasite relationship.Crook DW.Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15;42(4):460-2. Epub 2006 Jan 17. No abstract available. PMID: 16421788 Similar articlesSelect item 890316428.

Action plan for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The DRSP Working Group.Cetron MS, Jernigan DB, Breiman RF.Emerg Infect Dis. 1995 Apr-Jun;1(2):64-5. No abstract available. PMID: 8903164 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2037578329.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and risk factors, evolution of antimicrobial resistance, and impact of vaccines.Lynch JP 3rd, Zhanel GG.Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010 May;16(3):217-25. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283385653. Review. PMID: 20375783 Similar articlesSelect item 1693604130.

Biofilm formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of choline, extracellular DNA, and capsular polysaccharide in microbial accretion.Moscoso M, García E, López R.J Bacteriol. 2006 Nov;188(22):7785-95. Epub 2006 Aug 25.PMID: 16936041 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1610265331.

The epidemiology of childhood pneumococcal disease in the United States in the era of conjugate vaccine use.Toltzis P, Jacobs MR.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Sep;19(3):629-45. Review.PMID: 16102653 Similar articlesSelect item 2295475232.

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Clinical and microbiological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia in cancer patients.Garcia-Vidal C, Ardanuy C, Gudiol C, Cuervo G, Calatayud L, Bodro M, Duarte R, Fernández-Sevilla A, Antonio M, Liñares J, Carratalà J.J Infect. 2012 Dec;65(6):521-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.08.015. Epub 2012 Sep 3.PMID: 22954752 Similar articlesSelect item 2653971733.

Characterization of Pneumococcal Genes Involved in Bloodstream Invasion in a Mouse Model.Mahdi LK, Van der Hoek MB, Ebrahimie E, Paton JC, Ogunniyi AD.PLoS o­ne. 2015 Nov 5;10(11):e0141816. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141816. eCollection 2015. PMID: 26539717Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1861643734.

Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era.Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R; Bacterial Meningitis Study Group of the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics.Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(6):522-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00117.x.PMID: 18616437 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2387461335.

Interactions between blood-borne Streptococcus pneumoniae and the blood-brain barrier preceding meningitis.Iovino F, Orihuela CJ, Moorlag HE, Molema G, Bijlsma JJ.PLoS o­ne. 2013 Jul 16;8(7):e68408. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068408. Print 2013.PMID: 23874613 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2322835936.

Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infection among hospitalized children aged less than 5 years in Oman.Al Awaidy ST, Al Obeidani I, Al Busaidy SS, Al Mahrouqi S.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G7-G10. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.016.PMID: 23228359 Similar articles Select item 1150041437.

Changes in availability of oxygen accentuate differences in capsular polysaccharide expression by phenotypic variants and clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Weiser JN, Bae D, Epino H, Gordon SB, Kapoor M, Zenewicz LA, Shchepetov M.Infect Immun. 2001 Sep;69(9):5430-9.PMID: 11500414 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2234342738.

Pneumococcal sepsis and nasopharyngeal carriage.Charalambous BM, Leung MH.Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012 May;18(3):222-7. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e328352103b. Review. PMID: 22343427 Similar articles Select item 2498692939.

Pneumococcal infections.Maraqa NF.Pediatr Rev. 2014 Jul;35(7):299-310. doi: 10.1542/pir.35-7-299. Review. Erratum in: Pediatr Rev. 2014 Sep;35(9):404. PMID: 24986929 Similar articlesSelect item 2655922640.

Roles of Complement C1q in Pneumococcus-Host Interactions.Agarwal V, Blom AM.Crit Rev Immunol. 2015;35(3):173-84. Review.PMID: 26559226 Similar articles

Pneumococcal interactions with epithelial cells are crucial for optimal biofilm formation and colonization in vitro and in vivo.Marks LR, Parameswaran GI, Hakansson AP.Infect Immun. 2012 Aug;80(8):2744-60. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00488-12. Epub 2012 May 29.PMID: 22645283 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2301573642.

High levels of genetic recombination during nasopharyngeal carriage and biofilm formation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Marks LR, Reddinger RM, Hakansson AP.MBio. 2012 Sep 25;3(5). pii: e00200-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00200-12. Print 2012.PMID: 23015736 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1837843043.

Pneumococcal vaccines: mechanism of action, impact o­n epidemiology and adaption of the species.Pletz MW, Maus U, Krug N, Welte T, Lode H.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Sep;32(3):199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.021. Epub 2008 Apr 18. Review.PMID: 18378430 Similar articles Select item 1522862944.

Serotype-specific mortality from invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease revisited.Martens P, Worm SW, Lundgren B, Konradsen HB, Benfield T.BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 30;4:21.PMID: 15228629 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2347130345.

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Understanding the pneumococcus: transmission and evolution.Donkor ES.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013 Mar 7;3:7. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00007. eCollection 2013. Review.PMID: 23471303 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 950916746.

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Meeting at Manson House, London, 12 December 1996. HIV and pneumococcal infection in Africa. Microbiological aspects.Paul J.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Nov-Dec;91(6):632-7.PMID: 9509167 Similar articlesSelect item 2649889647.

[Thousand faces of Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) infections].Szabó BG, Lénárt KS, Kádár B, Gombos A, Dezsényi B, Szanka J, Bobek I, Prinz G.Orv Hetil. 2015 Nov 1;156(44):1769-77. doi: 10.1556/650.2015.30293. Review. Hungarian. PMID: 26498896 Similar articles Select item 2465183448.

The role of host and microbial factors in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal bacteraemia arising from a single bacterial cell bottleneck.Gerlini A, Colomba L, Furi L, Braccini T, Manso AS, Pammolli A, Wang B, Vivi A, Tassini M, van Rooijen N, Pozzi G, Ricci S, Andrew PW, Koedel U, Moxon ER, Oggioni MR.PLoS Pathog. 2014 Mar 20;10(3):e1004026. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004026. eCollection 2014 Mar.PMID: 24651834 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2460565549.

[Molecular-genetic and phylogenetic characteristic of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with meningitis and carriers].Aleshkin VA, Karaulov AV, Slobodeniuk VV, Afanas'ev SS, Urban IuN, Voropaeva EA, Afanas'ev MS, Egorova EA, Metel'skaia VA, Aleshkin AV, Grechishnikova OG, Baĭrakova AL, Nesvizhskiĭ IuV, Rubal'skiĭ EO.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2013 Sep-Oct;(5):53-60. Russian. PMID: 24605655 Similar articlesSelect item 845540950.

[Endocarditis due to penicillin-sensitive and -resistant pneumococci: the current perspectives o­n the disease].Aguado JM, Casillas A, Lizasoaín M, Lumbreras C, Peña C, Martín-Durán R, Fernández-Viladrich P, Fernández-Guerrero ML, Noriega AR.Med Clin (Barc). 1993 Mar 6;100(9):325-8. Review. Spanish. PMID: 8455409 Similar articles Select item 1558587751.

The virulence function of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein A involves inhibition of complement activation and impairment of complement receptor-mediated protection.Ren B, McCrory MA, Pass C, Bullard DC, Ballantyne CM, Xu Y, Briles DE, Szalai AJ.J Immunol. 2004 Dec 15;173(12):7506-12.PMID: 15585877 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2403808952.

An alternative role of C1q in bacterial infections: facilitating Streptococcus pneumoniae adherence and invasion of host cells.Agarwal V, Ahl J, Riesbeck K, Blom AM.J Immunol. 2013 Oct 15;191(8):4235-45. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300279. Epub 2013 Sep 13. PMID: 24038089 Free ArticleSimilar articlesSelect item 1885448653.

Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease.Chiavolini D, Pozzi G, Ricci S.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Oct;21(4):666-85. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00012-08. Review.PMID: 18854486 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2560478654.

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Degradation products of the extracellular pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae access the cytosol via its pore-forming toxin.Lemon JK, Weiser JN.MBio. 2015 Jan 20;6(1). pii: e02110-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02110-14.PMID: 25604786 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1004754955.

Molecular and cellular biology of pneumococcal infection.Tuomanen E.Curr Opin Microbiol. 1999 Feb;2(1):35-9. Review.PMID: 10047549 Similar articlesSelect item 1599557956.

Pneumolysin as a vaccine and drug target in the prevention and treatment of invasive pneumococcal disease.Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C.Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2005 May-Jun;53(3):189-98. Review.PMID: 15995579 Similar articles Select item 1648162457.

A pneumococcal pilus influences virulence and host inflammatory responses.Barocchi MA, Ries J, Zogaj X, Hemsley C, Albiger B, Kanth A, Dahlberg S, Fernebro J, Moschioni M, Masignani V, Hultenby K, Taddei AR, Beiter K, Wartha F, von Euler A, Covacci A, Holden DW, Normark S, Rappuoli R, Henriques-Normark B.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2857-62. Epub 2006 Feb 15.PMID: 16481624 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2044410258.

Pneumococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules targeting of the extracellular matrix.Paterson GK, Orihuela CJ.Mol Microbiol. 2010 Jul 1;77(1):1-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07190.x. Epub 2010 Apr 27. Review.PMID: 20444102 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1593775959.

Capsules, clones, and curious events: pneumococcus under fire from polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.Long SS.Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):30-4. Epub 2005 May 26. No abstract available. PMID: 15937759 Similar articlesSelect item 1138109960.

Pneumococcal virulence factors: structure and function.Jedrzejas MJ.Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001 Jun;65(2):187-207 ; first page, table of contents. Review.PMID: 11381099 Free PMC Article Similar articles

The effect of transformation o­n the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Zhang XM, Yin YB, Zhu D, Chen BD, Luo JY, Deng YP, Liu MF, Chen SH, Meng JP, Lan K, Huang YS, Kang GF.J Microbiol. 2005 Aug;43(4):337-44.PMID: 16145548 Similar articles Select item 2253255762.

Nontypeable pneumococci can be divided into multiple cps types, including o­ne type expressing the novel gene pspK.Park IH, Kim KH, Andrade AL, Briles DE, McDaniel LS, Nahm MH.MBio. 2012 Apr 24;3(3). pii: e00035-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00035-12. Print 2012.PMID: 22532557 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2332864463.

High prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adenoids and nasopharynx in preschool children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in Poland--distribution of serotypes and drug resistance patterns.Niedzielski A, Korona-Glowniak I, Malm A.Med Sci Monit. 2013 Jan 18;19:54-60.PMID: 23328644 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2397793464.

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection: a Canadian perspective.Deng X, Church D, Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Pillai DR.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 Aug;11(8):781-91. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2013.814831. Review.PMID: 23977934 Similar articlesSelect item 1148383365.

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Serotype prevalence of occult pneumococcal bacteremia.Alpern ER, Alessandrini EA, McGowan KL, Bell LM, Shaw KN.Pediatrics. 2001 Aug;108(2):E23.PMID: 11483833 Similar articlesSelect item 1959324866.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Navajo and White Mountain Apache children before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Millar EV, O'Brien KL, Zell ER, Bronsdon MA, Reid R, Santosham M.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Aug;28(8):711-6. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a06303.PMID: 19593248 Similar articles Select item 2318452367.

Interplay between manganese and iron in pneumococcal pathogenesis: role of the orphan response regulator RitR.Ong CL, Potter AJ, Trappetti C, Walker MJ, Jennings MP, Paton JC, McEwan AG.Infect Immun. 2013 Feb;81(2):421-9. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00805-12. Epub 2012 Nov 26.PMID: 23184523 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1849930968.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in Singapore children.Chong CY, Koh-Cheng T, Yee-Hui M, Nancy TW.Vaccine. 2008 Jun 25;26(27-28):3427-31. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.035. Epub 2008 May 5.PMID: 18499309 Similar articlesSelect item 2176828469.

Two DHH subfamily 1 proteins contribute to pneumococcal virulence and confer protection against pneumococcal disease.Cron LE, Stol K, Burghout P, van Selm S, Simonetti ER, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW.Infect Immun. 2011 Sep;79(9):3697-710. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01383-10. Epub 2011 Jul 18. Erratum in: Infect Immun. 2012 Aug;80(8):2974. PMID: 21768284 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2322835470.

A retrospective epidemiological study of invasive pneumococcal infections in children aged 0-5 years in Bahrain from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2003.Al Musawi M.Vaccine. 2012 Dec 31;30 Suppl 6:G2-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.018.PMID: 23228354 Similar articlesSelect item 1608882871.

Virulence in mice of pneumococcal clonal types with known invasive disease potential in humans.Sandgren A, Albiger B, Orihuela CJ, Tuomanen E, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B.J Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;192(5):791-800. Epub 2005 Jul 21.PMID: 16088828 Similar articlesSelect item 1094341072.

Functional organization of the gene cluster involved in the synthesis of the pneumococcal capsule.García E, Llull D, López R.Int Microbiol. 1999 Sep;2(3):169-76. Review.PMID: 10943410 Similar articles Select item 983385973.

The impact of HIV o­n Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population.Jones N, Huebner R, Khoosal M, Crewe-Brown H, Klugman K.AIDS. 1998 Nov 12;12(16):2177-84.PMID: 9833859 Similar articlesSelect item 1037716274.

Effect of intrastrain variation in the amount of capsular polysaccharide o­n genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for virulence studies of encapsulated strains.Weiser JN, Kapoor M.Infect Immun. 1999 Jul;67(7):3690-2.PMID: 10377162 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1462240275.

From nose to lung: the regulation behind Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors.Hava DL, LeMieux J, Camilli A.Mol Microbiol. 2003 Nov;50(4):1103-10. Review.PMID: 14622402Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1115067476.

Use of green fluorescent protein in visualisation of pneumococcal invasion of broncho-epithelial cells in vivo.Kadioglu A, Sharpe JA, Lazou I, Svanborg C, Ockleford C, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW.FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Jan 1;194(1):105-10.PMID: 11150674 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2567213777.

[The role of bacterial and host factors for Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and diseases].Nakamura S, Yanagihara K, Kohno S.Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2014 Sep;88(5):669-77. Japanese. No abstract available. PMID: 25672137 Similar articlesSelect item 2382595378.

A type IV pilus mediates DNA binding during natural transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Laurenceau R, Péhau-Arnaudet G, Baconnais S, Gault J, Malosse C, Dujeancourt A, Campo N, Chamot-Rooke J, Le Cam E, Claverys JP, Fronzes R.PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(6):e1003473. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003473. Epub 2013 Jun 27.PMID: 23825953 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1988002079.

Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia.van der Poll T, Opal SM.Lancet. 2009 Oct 31;374(9700):1543-56. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61114-4. Review.PMID: 19880020 Similar articlesSelect item 2162157880.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan before and after the introduction of a conjugate vaccine.Kuo CY, Hwang KP, Hsieh YC, Cheng CH, Huang FL, Shen YH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chen PY, Lin TY.Vaccine. 2011 Jul 18;29(32):5171-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.034. Epub 2011 May 27.PMID: 21621578 Similar articles

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Prevalence of pilus genes in pneumococci isolated from healthy preschool children in Iceland: association with vaccine serotypes and antibiotic resistance.Hjálmarsdóttir MÁ, Pétursdóttir B, Erlendsdóttir H, Haraldsson G, Kristinsson KG.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Aug;70(8):2203-8. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv096. Epub 2015 Apr 17.PMID: 25888572 Similar articlesSelect item 2316456482

Burden of pneumococcal infection in adults in Colombia.Rosselli D, Rueda JD.J Infect Public Health. 2012 Oct;5(5):354-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.04.003. Epub 2012 Sep 25.PMID: 23164564 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2191759783.

Antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide enhance pneumococcal quorum sensing.Yano M, Gohil S, Coleman JR, Manix C, Pirofski LA.MBio. 2011 Nov 1;2(5). pii: e00176-11. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00176-11. Print 2011.PMID: 21917597 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2226390584.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal urine antigen test in healthy elderly subjects.Palmu AA, Kaijalainen T, Saukkoriipi A, Leinonen M, Kilpi TM.Scand J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;44(6):433-8. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2011.652162. Epub 2012 Jan 21. PMID: 22263905 Similar articlesSelect item 1623957685.

Host and bacterial factors contributing to the clearance of colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine model.van Rossum AM, Lysenko ES, Weiser JN.Infect Immun. 2005 Nov;73(11):7718-26.PMID: 16239576 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 894021886.

Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, Piglansky L, Greenberg D, Abramson O, Mendelman PM, Bohidar N, Yagupsky P.J Infect Dis. 1996 Dec;174(6):1271-8.PMID: 8940218 Similar articlesSelect item 2441633087.

Serotype and genotype distribution among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Colombia, 2005-2010.Parra EL, Ramos V, Sanabria O, Moreno J.PLoS o­ne. 2014 Jan 8;9(1):e84993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084993. eCollection 2014.PMID: 24416330 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2368044288.

Distribution of carried pneumococcal clones in UK children following the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a 3-year cross-sectional population based analysis.Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Christodoulides M, Faust SN, Clarke SC.Vaccine. 2013 Jun 28;31(31):3187-90. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.075. Epub 2013 May 13. PMID: 23680442 Similar articles Select item 1123784589.

Experimental pneumococcal meningitis in mice: a model of intranasal infection.Zwijnenburg PJ, van der Poll T, Florquin S, van Deventer SJ, Roord JJ, van Furth AM.J Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 1;183(7):1143-6. Epub 2001 Mar 1.PMID: 11237845 Similar articles Select item 1834034190.

Hình 9

The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease.Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Apr;6(4):288-301. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1871. Review.PMID: 18340341 Similar articlesSelect item 159003891.

Establishment of a pneumococcal septicemia model in the miniature swine.Izbicki JR, Raedler C, Ruckdeschel G, Lütticken R, Wilker DK, Siebeck M, Dornschneider G, Sklarek J, Schweiberer L, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW.Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1992 Mar;39(2):152-9.PMID: 1590038 Similar articlesSelect item 2204704192.

Biofilm and planktonic pneumococci demonstrate disparate immunoreactivity to human convalescent sera.Sanchez CJ, Hurtgen BJ, Lizcano A, Shivshankar P, Cole GT, Orihuela CJ.BMC Microbiol. 2011 Nov 2;11:245. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-245.PMID: 22047041 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2311503493.

PspK of Streptococcus pneumoniae increases adherence to epithelial cells and enhances nasopharyngeal colonization.Keller LE, Jones CV, Thornton JA, Sanders ME, Swiatlo E, Nahm MH, Park IH, McDaniel LS.Infect Immun. 2013 Jan;81(1):173-81. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00755-12. Epub 2012 Oct 31.PMID: 23115034 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2874445094.

Editorial: Molecular Pathogenesis of Pneumococcus.Bai G, Vidal JE.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jul 11;7:310. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00310. eCollection 2017. No abstract available. PMID: 28744450 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2808144495.

Host-to-Host Transmission of the Pneumococcus-New Victims of a Toxic Relationship.Trappetti C, Paton JC.Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Jan 11;21(1):5-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.12.011.PMID: 28081444 Free Article Similar articles Select item 414536196.

Sex difference in susceptibility of mice to pneumococcus.Weiss HS, Angrick B, Pitt F, Somerson NL.Experientia. 1973 Mar 15;29(3):374-5. No abstract available. PMID: 4145361 Similar articlesSelect item 2937948297.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Proteins AmiA, AliA, and AliB Bind Peptides Found in Ribosomal Proteins of Other Bacterial Species.Nasher F, Heller M, Hathaway LJ.Front Microbiol. 2018 Jan 15;8:2688. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02688. eCollection 2017.PMID: 29379482 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2964112498.

Immunity to the Pneumococcus.Davidson S.Edinb Med J. 1925;32(Suppl):67-81. No abstract available. PMID: 29641124 Free PMC Article Similar articles

Antimicrobial Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.Cherazard R, Epstein M, Doan TL, Salim T, Bharti S, Smith MA.Am J Ther. 2017 May;24(3):e361-e369. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000551. Review.PMID: 28430673 Similar articles Select item 197383502.

Detection of pbp2b and ermB genes in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Kumari N, Navaratnam P, Sekaran SD.J Infect Dev Ctries. 2008 Jun 1;2(3):193-9.PMID: 19738350 Free Article Similar articles Select item 159839083.

Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: have we begun to turn the corner o­n resistance to certain antimicrobial classes?Doern GV, Richter SS, Miller A, Miller N, Rice C, Heilmann K, Beekmann S.Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 15;41(2):139-48. Epub 2005 Jun 7.PMID: 15983908 Similar articlesSelect item 176734774.

Macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated over 6 years of Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study (CROSS) (1998 2004).Wierzbowski AK, Nichol K, Laing N, Hisanaga T, Nikulin A, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Oct;60(4):733-40. Epub 2007 Aug 2.PMID: 17673477 Similar articles Select item 181907015.

Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA: update from PROTEKT US Years 1-4.Jenkins SG, Brown SD, Farrell DJ.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2008 Jan 11;7:1. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-7-1.PMID: 18190701 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 186974206.

[Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children and multidrug resistance].Bayer M, Aslan G, Emekdaş G, Kuyucu N, Kanik A.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2008 Apr;42(2):223-30. Turkish. PMID: 18697420 Similar articlesSelect item 242374377.

[Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing acute exacerbations and pneumonia in children with chronic respiratory diseases].Altınkanat Gelmez G, Soysal A, Kuzdan C, Karadağ B, Hasdemir U, Bakır M, Söyletir G.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013 Oct;47(4):684-92. Turkish. PMID: 24237437 Free Article Similar articles Select item 105013138.

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