Cùng với sự phát triển kháng thuốc của nhiều tác nhân vi khuẩn, virus, nấm và ký sinh trùng hiện nay đang diễn ra trên phạm vi toàn cầu và ngay tại Việt Nam. Trong đó, đáng chú ý đến các chủng phế cầu Strptococcus pneumoniae với nhiều loại kháng sinh khác nhau, ngay cả thuốc kháng sinh phổ rộng có thể do nhiều nuyên do khác nhau từ việc sử dụng thuốc không đúng mục đích, sử dụng thuốc tràn lan và quá rộng rãi tại các cơ sở điều trị và kê đơn thuốc không hợp lý cũng như sử dụng thuốc tại cộng đồng trong nhiều năm qua.

Trước tình trạng đó, việc nghiên cứu đánh giá dịch tễ học kháng thuốc, nghiên cứu thuốc mới hoặc phối hợp thuốc chống kháng và chế tạo vaccine để phòng bệnh cho phế cầu hiện đang là hướng đi của nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới cũng như tại Việt Nam. Nhân đây, chúng tôi xin chia sẻ thông tin một số nghiên cứu liên quan đến các vấn đề sức khỏe nói trên như cập nhật thông tin thế giới và cho thấy trong nghiên cứu vẫn còn nhiều điều thú vị và còn nhiều khoảng trống để chúng ta cần phải nghiên cứu và lấp lỗ hỗng này.

Molecular mechanisms of resistance to commonly used non-betalactam drugs in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Widdowson CA, Klugman KP.Semin Respir Infect. 1999 Sep;14(3):255-68. Review.PMID: 10501313 Similar articlesSelect item 128678389.

Macrolide resistance among middle ear isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae observed at eight United States pediatric centers: prevalence of M and MLSB phenotypes.Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, Bradley JS, Barson WJ, Kaplan SL; United States Pediatric Multicenter Pneumococcal Surveillance Study Group.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Jul;22(7):623-7.PMID: 12867838 Similar articles Select item 1222680010.

Clinical relevance of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Cunha BA.Semin Respir Infect. 2002 Sep;17(3):204-14. Review.PMID: 12226800 Similar articles Select item 1536009211.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and patterns of resistance.Jacobs MR.Am J Med. 2004 Aug 2;117 Suppl 3A:3S-15S. Review.PMID: 15360092 Similar articles Select item 1893146912.

Antimicrobial activity among multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the United States, 2001-2005.Thornsberry C, Brown NP, Draghi DC, Evangelista AT, Yee YC, Sahm DF.Postgrad Med. 2008 Sep;120(3 Suppl 1):32-8. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2008.09.suppl52.282.PMID: 18931469 Similar articlesSelect item 1171125713.

Molecular surveillance of macrolide, tetracycline and quinolone resistance mechanisms in 1191 clinical European Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.Schmitz FJ, Perdikouli M, Beeck A, Verhoef J, Fluit AC.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001 Nov;18(5):433-6.PMID: 11711257 Similar articles Select item 1967040514.

Correlation between usage of macrolide antibiotic and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinic isolates from Chongqing children's hospital.Chen J, Liu L, Wang G, Chen Y, Luo Z, Huang Y, Fu Z, Yang Y, Liu E.Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009 Sep;44(9):917-21. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21081.PMID: 19670405 Similar articlesSelect item 1582503115.

Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections.Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K, Powis JE, McGeer A; Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network.Clin Infect Dis. 2005 May 1;40(9):1288-97. Epub 2005 Mar 31.PMID: 15825031 Similar articles Select item 1276086016.

Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates: results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002.Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA, Bellyou T, Low DE, Hoban DJ.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jun;47(6):1867-74. Erratum in: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Aug;47(8):2716. PMID: 12760860 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1168853217.

Streptococcus pneumoniae as an agent of nosocomial infection: treatment in the era of penicillin-resistant strains.Paradisi F, Corti G, Cinelli R.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001;7 Suppl 4:34-42. Review.PMID: 11688532 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1451925618.

Fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatment failure in pneumococcal pneumonia and selection of multidrug-resistant isolates.Pérez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Iglesias L, Larruskain J.Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep;9(9):1159-62.PMID: 14519256 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2229947319.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in western Nepal.Easow JM, Joseph NM, Shankar PR, Rajamony AP, Dhungel BA, Shivananda PG.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011 Jul;42(4):912-9.PMID: 22299473 Similar articles Select item 1704921120.

Molecular characterisation of Canadian paediatric multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1998-2004.Zhanel GG, Wang X, Nichol K, Nikulin A, Wierzbowski AK, Mulvey M, Hoban DJ.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Nov;28(5):465-71. Epub 2006 Oct 16.PMID: 17049211 Similar articles

Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Schroeder MR, Stephens DS.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016 Sep 21;6:98. eCollection 2016. Review.PMID: 27709102 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1102818522.

[Pneumococcal antibiotic resistance].Moreillon P, Wenger A, Caldelari I.Rev Med Suisse Romande. 2000 Aug;120(8):651-9. Review. French. PMID: 11028185 Similar articles Select item 1654634123.

Emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1999-2003).Johnson DM, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR, Jones RN.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Sep;56(1):69-74. Epub 2006 Mar 20.PMID: 16546341 Similar articles Select item 1282146024.

Telithromycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams: SMART program 2001 data.Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Wu TL, Yang D, Huang WK, Shyr JM, Chuang YC, Wan JH, Yan JJ, Lu JJ, Wu JJ, Ko WC, Chang FY, Yang YC, Lau YJ, Liu YC, Lee CM, Leu HS, Liu CY, Luh KT; SMART Program 2001 Data.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jul;47(7):2145-51.PMID: 12821460 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1117656425.

Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children's hospitals between 1994 and 1997.Wald ER, Mason EO Jr, Bradley JS, Barson WJ, Kaplan SL; US Pediatric Multicenter Pneumococcal Surveillance Group.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Jan;20(1):34-9.PMID: 11176564 Similar articlesSelect item 1181060826.

Clinical relevance of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired pneumonia.Lynch III JP, Martinez FJ.Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;34 Suppl 1:S27-46. Review.PMID: 11810608 Similar articles Select item 1596450127.

Therapeutic options among broad-spectrum beta-lactams for infections caused by levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae.Jones RN, Fritsche TR, Sader HS.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Jun;52(2):129-33.PMID: 15964501 Similar articlesSelect item 961196328.

Sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antimicrobial drugs].Mihajlović-Ukropina M, Milutinović M.Med Pregl. 1998 Mar-Apr;51(3-4):169-73. Croatian. PMID: 9611963 Similar articles Select item 1598036729.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in eight European countries from 2001 to 2003.Reinert RR, Reinert S, van der Linden M, Cil MY, Al-Lahham A, Appelbaum P.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Jul;49(7):2903-13.PMID: 15980367 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 2704857830.

Antibiotic susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes in Pakistan: a review of results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2002-15.Zafar A, Hasan R, Nizamuddin S, Mahmood N, Mukhtar S, Ali F, Morrissey I, Barker K, Torumkuney D.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 May;71 Suppl 1:i103-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw076.PMID: 27048578 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1526583231.

Distribution across the USA of macrolide resistance and macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from patients with respiratory tract infections: PROTEKT US 2001-2002.Farrell DJ, Jenkins SG.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Aug;54 Suppl 1:i17-22.PMID: 15265832 Similar articles Select item 1034806032.

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: rational antibiotic choices.Jacobs MR.Am J Med. 1999 May 3;106(5A):19S-25S; discussion 48S-52S. Review.PMID: 10348060 Similar articles Select item 2088277233.

[A mass-spectrometric analysis of genetic markers of S. pneumoniae resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics].Savinova TA, Il'ina EN, Sidorenko SV.Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 2010;(3):16-25. Russian. PMID: 20882772 Similar articles Select item 1284584534.

Pneumococcal infection in children: rational antibiotic choice for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Chiou CC, Hseih KS.Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 Mar-Apr;44(2):67-74. Review.PMID: 12845845 Similar articles Select item 887823935.

Incidence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae in clinical isolates from patients with otitis media.McLinn S, Williams D.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996 Sep;15(9 Suppl):S3-9.PMID: 8878239 Similar articlesSelect item 1146218436.

Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and use of antimicrobial agents.Pihlajamäki M, Kotilainen P, Kaurila T, Klaukka T, Palva E, Huovinen P; Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (FiRe-Network).Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 15;33(4):483-8. Epub 2001 Jul 20.PMID: 11462184 Similar articlesSelect item 1718909137.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and distribution of resistance genes for beta-lactams and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated between 2002 and 2004 in Tokyo.Noguchi N, Tano J, Nasu Y, Koyama M, Narui K, Kamishima H, Saito T, Tsuyuki K, Sasatsu M.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Jan;29(1):26-33.PMID: 17189091 Similar articlesSelect item 1929642038.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae: does antimicrobial resistance matter?Lynch JP 3rd, Zhanel GG.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Apr;30(2):210-38. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1202939. Epub 2009 Mar 18. Review.PMID: 19296420 Similar articles Select item 1936636339.

The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae.Reinert RR.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Apr;15 Suppl 3:7-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02724.x. Review.PMID: 19366363 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1468545240.

[Prevalence of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of invasive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae].Mantese OC, Paula A, Moraes AB, Moreira TA, Guerra ML, Brandileone MC.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2003 Nov-Dec;79(6):537-42. Portuguese. PMID: 14685452 Free Article Similar articles

Updated antibiotic resistance and clinical spectrum of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan: Emphasis o­n risk factors for penicillin nonsusceptibilities.Tsai HY, Lauderdale TL, Wang JT, Chen YS, Liu JW, Huang JH, Hu BH, Yang CJ, Lu DC, Chang SC.J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2013 Oct;46(5):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.07.012. Epub 2012 Sep 16.PMID: 22992392 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1700184642.

[Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from sterile body sites].Oznur AK, Ozer S, Benzonana NA.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2006 Jul;40(3):179-84. Turkish. PMID: 17001846 Similar articles Select item 1694006443.

Macrolide and azithromycin use are linked to increased macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Bergman M, Huikko S, Huovinen P, Paakkari P, Seppälä H; Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (FiRe Network).Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Nov;50(11):3646-50. Epub 2006 Aug 28.PMID: 16940064 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 944777944.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of community-acquired, antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zambian paediatric population.Woolfson A, Huebner R, Wasas A, Chola S, Godfrey-Faussett P, Klugman K.Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(5):453-62.PMID: 9447779 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1595028845.

Trends in anti-bacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3.Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, Lavin BS.J Infect. 2005 Dec;51(5):355-63. Epub 2005 Jun 13.PMID: 15950288 Similar articlesSelect item 1158143646.

High rates of multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae from healthy children living in isolated rural communities: Association with cephalosporin use and intrafamilial transmission.

Samore MH, Magill MK, Alder SC, Severina E, Morrison-De Boer L, Lyon JL, Carroll K, Leary J, Stone MB, Bradford D, Reading J, Tomasz A, Sande MA.Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):856-65.PMID: 11581436 Similar articles Select item 1798325647.

Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: current and future therapeutic options.Van Bambeke F, Reinert RR, Appelbaum PC, Tulkens PM, Peetermans WE.Drugs. 2007;67(16):2355-82. Review.PMID: 17983256 Similar articles Select item 1533032248.

Pattern of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Al-Tawfiq JA.J Chemother. 2004 Jun;16(3):259-63.PMID: 15330322 Similar articles Select item 1618545749.

[Study o­n drug resistance and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Chongqing].Yao C, Yu ZB, Xiao YH.Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Jun;26(6):431-4. Chinese. PMID: 16185457 Similar articlesSelect item 2592151250.

Characterization of MDR and XDR Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada, 2007-13.Golden AR, Rosenthal M, Fultz B, Nichol KA, Adam HJ, Gilmour MW, Baxter MR, Hoban DJ, Karlowsky JA, Zhanel GG.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Aug;70(8):2199-202. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv107. Epub 2015 Apr 28.PMID: 25921512 Similar articlesSelect item 1691672551.

In vitro antibacterial activity of beta-lactams and non-beta-lactams against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Sydney, Australia.Gosbell IB, Fernandes LA, Fernandes CJ.Pathology. 2006 Aug;38(4):343-8.PMID: 16916725 Similar articlesSelect item 2986622152.

Molecular Characterization and Correlation with β-lactam Resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia Isolates in Hangzhou, China.Chu MF, Liu XX, Zhang SN, Huang YY, DU P, Wang LF, Ji L, Yan J, Sun AH.Biomed Environ Sci. 2018 May;31(5):389-393. doi: 10.3967/bes2018.050.PMID: 29866221 Free Article Similar articles Select item 2263930853.

[Evaluation of penicillin-binding protein genotypes in penicillin susceptible and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates].Aslan G, Tezcan S, Delialioğlu N, Aydın FE, Kuyucu N, Emekdaş G.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012 Apr;46(2):190-201. Turkish. PMID: 22639308 Similar articlesSelect item 1294402154.

Comparison of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae susceptibilities from community-acquired respiratory tract infections and hospitalized patients with pneumonia: five-year results for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.Gordon KA, Biedenbach DJ, Jones RN.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;46(4):285-9.PMID: 12944021 Similar articlesSelect item 872032355.

[Antibiotic resistance in pneumococci].Moreillon P, Wenger A.Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996 Feb 17;126(7):255-63. Review. French. PMID: 8720323 Similar articles Select item 2187075356.

[Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2003-2009].Năstase E, Dorneanu O, Dorobăţ C.Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2011 Apr-Jun;115(2):536-41. Romanian. PMID: 21870753 Similar articlesSelect item 1672530257.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and serotype distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children in Taiwan from 1999 to 2004.Lin WJ, Lo WT, Chou CY, Chen YY, Tsai SY, Chu ML, Wang CC.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Oct;56(2):189-96. Epub 2006 May 24.PMID: 16725302 Similar articlesSelect item 2708076658.

Genotyping and serotyping of macrolide and multidrug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from carrier children.Swedan SF, Hayajneh WA, Bshara GN.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2016 Apr-Jun;34(2):159-65. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.176840.PMID: 27080766 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1512736859.

Penicillin and macrolide resistance in pneumococcal pneumonia: does in vitro resistance affect clinical outcomes?Rothermel CD.Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 15;38 Suppl 4:S346-9.PMID: 15127368 Similar articlesSelect item 1512217160.

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Clinical relevance of antimicrobial resistance in the management of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia.Feldman C.J Lab Clin Med. 2004 May;143(5):269-83. Review.PMID: 15122171 Similar articles

Genotypic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F in Malaysia.Jeevajothi Nathan J, Mohd Desa MN, Thong KL, Clarke SC, Masri SN, Md Yasin R, Mohd Taib N.Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Jan;21:391-4. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.11.026. Epub 2013 Dec 14.PMID: 24342879 Similar articlesSelect item 1613151862.

Antibiotic susceptibility according to genotype of penicillin-binding protein and macrolide resistance genes, and serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from community-acquired pneumonia in children.Chiba N, Kobayashi R, Hasegawa K, Morozumi M, Nakayama E, Tajima T, Iwata S, Ubukata K; Acute Respiratory Diseases Study Group.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Oct;56(4):756-60. Epub 2005 Aug 30.PMID: 16131518 Similar articlesSelect item 1663608263.

Comparative in vitro activity of PGE 9262932 and fluoroquinolones against Canadian clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, including molecularly characterized ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.Adam HJ, Schurek KN, Decorby MR, Weshnoweski B, Vashisht R, Karlowsky K, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Jul;58(1):202-4. Epub 2006 Apr 24.PMID: 16636082 Similar articles Select item 1452317864.

Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: predictors of carriage in a multicommunity sample.Finkelstein JA, Huang SS, Daniel J, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Goldmann D, Pelton SI, DeMaria A, Platt R.Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):862-9.PMID: 14523178 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1582844065.

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Turkey.Erdem H, Pahsa A.J Chemother. 2005 Feb;17(1):25-30. Review.PMID: 15828440 Similar articles Select item 2234289866.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: the evolution of antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and macrolides.Cornick JE, Bentley SD.Microbes Infect. 2012 Jul;14(7-8):573-83. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.012. Epub 2012 Feb 4. Review.PMID: 22342898 Similar articles Select item 2815933867.

Emergence of quinolone-resistant strains in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from paediatric patients since the approval of oral fluoroquinolones in Japan.Takeuchi N, Ohkusu M, Hoshino T, Naito S, Takaya A, Yamamoto T, Ishiwada N.J Infect Chemother. 2017 Apr;23(4):218-223. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.12.012. Epub 2017 Jan 31.PMID: 28159338 Similar articles Select item 2224831868.

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Genotypes and serotype distribution of macrolide resistant invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Lebanon.Taha N, Araj GF, Wakim RH, Kanj SS, Kanafani ZA, Sabra A, Khairallah MT, Nassar FJ, Shehab M, Baroud M, Dbaibo G, Matar GM.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2012 Jan 16;11:2. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-11-2.PMID: 22248318 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1532811669.

Levofloxacin-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: evidence for clonal spread and the impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.Pletz MW, McGee L, Jorgensen J, Beall B, Facklam RR, Whitney CG, Klugman KP.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Sep;48(9):3491-7.PMID: 15328116 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1241855970.

The rise of fluoroquinolone resistance: fact or fiction.Ferraro MJ.J Chemother. 2002 Jul;14 Suppl 3:31-41.PMID: 12418559 Similar articlesSelect item 1265286371.

[Streptococcus pneumoniae strains resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, oxazolidinone and ketolide].Sener B, Köseoğlu O, Fişenk I, Hasçelik G, Günalp A.Mikrobiyol Bul. 2002 Apr;36(2):125-31. Turkish. PMID: 12652863 Similar articles Select item 812732772.

Prevalence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae-Connecticut, 1992-1993.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994 Apr 1;43(12):216-7, 223.PMID: 8127327 Similar articles Select item 1057515173.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in institutionalized HIV-infected and HIV-negative children in northeastern Romania.Leibovitz E, Dragomir C, Sfartz S, Porat N, Yagupsky P, Jica S, Florescu L, Dagan R.Int J Infect Dis. 1999 Summer;3(4):211-5.PMID: 10575151 Free Article Similar articles Select item 1473381374.

[Analysis of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae with restriction fragment length polymorphism of pbp2b gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles among children].Yu SJ, Hu YY, Gao W, Wang JF, Yang YH.Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Sep;41(9):688-91. Chinese. PMID: 14733813 Similar articlesSelect item 2617207875.

Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Healthy Ghanaian Preschool Children.Dayie NT, Arhin RE, Newman MJ, Dalsgaard A, Bisgaard M, Frimodt-Møller N, Slotved HC.Microb Drug Resist. 2015 Dec;21(6):636-42. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0314. Epub 2015 Jul 14.PMID: 26172078 Similar articlesSelect item 1513550076.

Epidemiology of macrolide and/or lincosamide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates with ribosomal mutations.Doktor SZ, Shortridge VD, Beyer JM, Flamm RK.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 May;49(1):47-52.PMID: 15135500 Similar articles Select item 1096146177.

Mechanisms and spread of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Varon E, Gutmann L.Res Microbiol. 2000 Jul-Aug;151(6):471-3. Review.PMID: 10961461Similar articles Select item 2378694278.

Serological and molecular capsular typing, antibiotic susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from invasive and non-invasive infections.Zhang YJ, Chen YS, Wang ZW, Li YQ, Wang DX, Shang Y, Fu RR, Hu YH, Geng R, Wei LP, Yang JP, Li JS, Yu Q, DU J, Gao ZC.Chin Med J (Engl). 2013 Jun;126(12):2296-303.PMID: 23786942 Similar articles Select item 2035639979.

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Decreased Streptococcus pneumoniae susceptibility to oral antibiotics among children in rural Vietnam: a community study.Hoa NQ, Trung NV, Larsson M, Eriksson B, Phuc HD, Chuc NT, Lundborg CS.BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 31;10:85. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-85.PMID: 20356399 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 1107574680.

Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Chenoweth CE, Saint S, Martinez F, Lynch JP 3rd, Fendrick AM.Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Nov;75(11):1161-8. Review.PMID: 11075746 Similar articles

Advances in pneumococcal antibiotic resistance.Song JH.Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013 Oct;7(5):491-8. doi: 10.1586/17476348.2013.816572.PMID: 24138693 Similar articles Select item 12032897

Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: Implications for drug selection.Appelbaum PC.Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Jun 15;34(12):1613-20. Epub 2002 May 16. Review.PMID: 12032897 Similar articles Select item 16313770

Carrier rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae and susceptibility thereof to antimicrobial drugs among children in China: a surveillance study in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou 2000-2002].Yao KH, Lu Q, Deng L, Yu SJ, Zhang H, Deng QL, Shen XZ, Yang YH.Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Jul 27;85(28):1957-61. Chinese.PMID: 16313770 Similar articles Select item 28006650

Rise of multidrug-resistant non-vaccine serotype 15A Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United Kingdom, 2001 to 2014.Sheppard C, Fry NK, Mushtaq S, Woodford N, Reynolds R, Janes R, Pike R, Hill R, Kimuli M, Staves P, Doumith M, Harrison T, Livermore DM.Euro Surveill. 2016 Dec 15;21(50). pii: 30423. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.50.30423.PMID: 28006650 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 24462930

Serotypes and antibiotic resistance of non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in pediatric hospitals in Moscow, Russia.Mayanskiy N, Alyabieva N, Ponomarenko O, Lazareva A, Katosova L, Ivanenko A, Kulichenko T, Namazova-Baranova L, Baranov A.Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Mar;20:58-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.11.005. Epub 2014 Jan 21.PMID: 24462930 Free Article Similar articles Select item 11257013

Need for annual surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-year longitudinal analysis.Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA, Kelly LJ, Critchley IA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Mauriz Y, Kahn J.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1037-42.PMID:11257013 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 17697316

Mechanisms, molecular and sero-epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from Japanese children.Sunakawa K, Farrell DJ.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2007 Aug 13;6:7.PMID: 17697316 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 28173648

Antibiotic resistance analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the hospitalized children in Shanxi Children's Hospital from 2012 to 2014].Ge LL, Han ZY, Liu AH, Zhu L, Meng JH.Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017 Feb 2;55(2):109-114. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2017.02.011. Chinese.PMID: 28173648 Similar articles Select item 17551759

Antimicrobial use in Europe and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Riedel S, Beekmann SE, Heilmann KP, Richter SS, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Ferech M, Goosens H, Doern GV.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Jul;26(7):485-90.PMID: 17551759 Similar articles Select item 27542334

Using whole genome sequencing to identify resistance determinants and predict antimicrobial resistance phenotypes for year 2015 invasive pneumococcal disease isolates recovered in the United States.Metcalf BJ, Chochua S, Gertz RE Jr, Li Z, Walker H, Tran T, Hawkins PA, Glennen A, Lynfield R, Li Y, McGee L, Beall B; Active Bacterial Core surveillance team.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Dec;22(12):1002.e1-1002.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.001. Epub 2016 Aug 17.PMID: 27542334 Free Article Similar articles Select item 9784785

Strategies in the treatment of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Lund BC, Ernst EJ, Klepser ME.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998 Oct 1;55(19):1987-94. Review.PMID: 9784785 Similar articles Select item 27206423

Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, isolated from nasopharynx of preschool children with acute respiratory tract infection in Lithuania.Stacevičienė I, Petraitienė S, Vaičiūnienė D, Alasevičius T, Kirslienė J, Usonis V.BMC Infect Dis. 2016 May 20;16:216. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1544-9.PMID: 27206423Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 27071529

Population structure and drug resistance patterns of emerging non-PCV-13 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 22F, 15A, and 8 isolated from adults in o­ntario, Canada.Duvvuri VR, Deng X, Teatero S, Memari N, Athey T, Fittipaldi N, Gubbay JB.Infect Genet Evol. 2016 Aug;42:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 Apr 9.PMID: 27071529 Similar articles Select item 20854048

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Antibiotic resistance in sputum isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is related to antibiotic exposure.Desai H, Richter S, Doern G, Heilmann K, Dohrn C, Johnson A, Brauer A, Murphy T, Sethi S.COPD. 2010 Oct;7(5):337-44. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2010.510162.PMID: 20854048 Similar articles Select item 8843287

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to macrolides but sensitive to clindamycin: a common resistance pattern mediated by an efflux system.Sutcliffe J, Tait-Kamradt A, Wondrack L.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Aug;40(8):1817-24.PMID: 8843287 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 10660498

Macrolide resistance and erythromycin resistance determinants among Belgian Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.Descheemaeker P, Chapelle S, Lammens C, Hauchecorne M, Wijdooghe M, Vandamme P, Ieven M, Goossens H.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Feb;45(2):167-73.PMID: 10660498 Similar articles Select item 11310804

Prevalence of serotypes and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from children in Beijing, China: identification of two novel multiply-resistant clones.McGee L, Wang H, Wasas A, Huebner R, Chen M, Klugman KP.Microb Drug Resist. 2001 Spring;7(1):55-63.PMID: 11310804 Similar articles Select item 8569573

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: the beginning of the end for many antibiotics? Australian Group o­n Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR). Collignon PJ, Bell JM.Med J Aust. 1996 Jan 15;164(2):64-7.PMID: 8569573 Similar articles Select item 21667000

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Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Lebanese patients between 2005 and 2009. Daoud Z, Kourani M, Saab R, Nader MA, Hajjar M.Rev Esp Quimioter. 2011 Jun;24(2):84-90.PMID: 21667000 Free Article Similar articles Select item 19763000

Antimicrobial resistant profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynx of secondary school students in Jos, Nigeria.Kandakai-Olukemi YT, Dido MS. Ann Afr Med. 2009 Jan-Mar;8(1):10-3.PMID: 19763000 Free Article Similar articles

Garenoxacin activity against isolates form patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Jones RN, Sader HS, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 May;58(1):1-7. Epub 2007 Apr 3. PMID: 17408904 Similar articles Select item 29277475102.

Subtractive genome analysis for in silico identification and characterization of novel drug targets in Streptococcus pneumonia strain JJA.Wadood A, Jamal A, Riaz M, Khan A, Uddin R, Jelani M, Azam SS.Microb Pathog. 2018 Feb;115:194-198. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.063. Epub 2017 Dec 24. PMID: 29277475 Similar articles Select item 29448938103.

Comparative genomic analysis of ten clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae collected from a Malaysian hospital reveal 31 new unique drug-resistant SNPs using whole genome sequencing. Jindal HM, Ramanathan B, Le CF, Gudimella R, Razali R, Manikam R, Sekaran SD. J Biomed Sci. 2018 Feb 15;25(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12929-018-0414-8. PMID: 29448938 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 16620000104.

Impact of antibiotic administrative restrictions o­n trends in antibiotic resistance. Marshall DA, McGeer A, Gough J, Grootendorst P, Buitendyk M, Simonyi S, Green K, Jaszewski B, MacLeod SM, Low DE.Can J Public Health. 2006 Mar-Apr;97(2):126-31.PMID: 16620000 Similar articles Select item 25779578105.

A novel gene amplification causes upregulation of the PatAB ABC transporter and fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.Baylay AJ, Ivens A, Piddock LJ.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3098-108. doi: 10.1128/AAC.04858-14. Epub 2015 Mar 16.PMID: 25779578 Free PMC Article Similar articles Select item 28566489106.

An evolutionary model to predict the frequency of antibiotic resistance under seasonal antibiotic use, and an application to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Blanquart F, Lehtinen S, Fraser C.Proc Biol Sci. 2017 May 31;284(1855). pii: 20170679. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0679.PMID: 28566489 Free PMC Article Similar articlesSelect item 28195384107.

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Air pollution alters Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms, antibiotic tolerance and colonisation.Hussey SJK, Purves J, Allcock N, Fernandes VE, Monks PS, Ketley JM, Andrew PW, Morrissey JA.Environ Microbiol. 2017 May;19(5):1868-1880. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13686. Epub 2017 Feb 28.PMID: 28195384 Similar articles Select item 28934029108.

Comparative Proteomics of Streptococcus pneumoniae Response to Vancomycin Treatment.Yang XY, Xu JY, Wei QX, Sun X, He QY.OMICS. 2017 Sep;21(9):531-539. PMID: 28934029 Similar articles Select item 29200249109.

Decision and cost analysis of empirical antibiotic therapy of acute sinusitis in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance: do we have an additional tool for antibiotic policy decisions?Babela R, Jarcuska P, Uraz V, Krčméry V, Jadud B, Stevlik J, Gould IM.Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2017 Nov;38(Suppl1):9-26. Review.PMID: 29200249 Similar articles Select item 21273474110.

Genomics. The genomic view of bacterial diversification.Enright MC, Spratt BG.Science. 2011 Jan 28;331(6016):407-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1201690. No abstract available. PMID: 21273474 Similar articles Select item 21822035111.

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria.Giedraitienė A, Vitkauskienė A, Naginienė R, Pavilonis A.Medicina (Kaunas). 2011;47(3):137-46. Review. English, Lithuanian. PMID: 21822035 Free Article Similar articles Select item 29196069112.

Impact of Allergy and Resistance o­n Antibiotic Selection for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Older Women.Malik RD, Wu YR, Christie AL, Alhalabi F, Zimmern PE.Urology. 2018 Mar;113:26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.08.070. Epub 2017 Nov 28.PMID: 29196069 Similar articles Select item 8212509113.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and implications for epidemiology.Smith JT, Lewin CS.Vet Microbiol. 1993 Jun;35(3-4):233-42. Review.PMID: 8212509 Similar articles Select item 29959904114.

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